Parts of Speech

Nouns Nouns are people: LeBron James, teammate, audience, musician Nouns are places: Amsterdam, court, gymnasium Nouns are things: chairs, boats, instruments Nouns are ideas: motivation, happiness, inspiration

Common vs. Proper Common noun Proper noun General name for a person, place, thing, or idea. Usually not capitalized. Proper noun Name for a particular person, place, thing, or idea. Proper nouns are always capitalized. Common nouns guitarist high school food Proper nouns Stevie Ray Vahn Humboldt High Mcdouble

Concrete vs. Abstract Concrete Abstract Names an object that can be seen, heard, smelled, touched, or tasted. Abstract Names an idea, quality, or state. Concrete book note computer Abstract independence curiosity sadness

Collective Nouns Collective nouns Refer to a group of people or things. Singular in form (the group is usually acting as a whole unit or individually doing the same thing). Examples: family, crowd, staff, pack. The team has a game today. (group working as a whole unit) When will the crew test the equipment? (group working individually to test equipment) What are some other collective nouns?

Compound Nouns Compound nouns Made up of two or more words May be written as one word, as separate words, or as a hyphenated word. One Word Separate Words Hyphenated Words airplane rain forest mother-in-law sunlight parking lot fade-out

Possessive Nouns Overly controlling…..not really. Possessive nouns Show ownership or relationship. Require an apostrophe whether or not they are plural or singular. Examples: Ownership: the singer’s outfit Relationship: the singer’s aunt Singular= ‘s. Example: Zee’s Plural= s’. Example: students’

Pronouns A pronoun is a word used in place of a noun. The noun that a pronoun refers back to is an antecedent. Ex. Ray said he wanted musicians to audition for the play. (He is the pronoun and Ray is the antecedent.)

Table of Pronouns Singular Plural First Person I, me (my, mine) we, us (our, ours) Second Person you (your, yours) Third Person he, him, she, her, it (his, her, hers, its) They, them (their theirs)

Notes on the last slide Possessive pronouns are in parenthesis on the table in the last slide. Possessive pronouns do the same thing as possessive nouns which is……

Types of Pronouns The next few slides will have information that you will need to put in your foldable. You will need to keep these foldables in your binder with your notes.

Reflexive Pronouns Reflexive Pronouns Reflect back on the antecedent. They are essential to the sentence (if you take them out, the meaning of the sentence changes). They usually come after a verb. Examples: I bought myself a new car. Have you looked at yourself in the mirror lately? 1st person 2nd person 3rd person Singular myself yourself himself, herself, itself Plural ourselves yourselves themselves

Intensive Pronouns Intensive pronouns Not essential to the sentence. Intensifies the antecedent it refers to Examples: I myself do not have an opinion. She would have said so herself, but he beat her to it. 1st person 2nd person 3rd person Singular myself yourself himself, herself, itself Plural ourselves yourselves themselves

Demonstrative Pronouns Point out specific people, places, things, or ideas. List of demonstrative pronouns: this, these, that, and those. Ex. The person at the front of the line will get better tickets than those at the end, she thought.

Relative Pronouns Relative pronouns Introduce dependent clauses Modify a word in a sentence. Lists of relative pronouns: who, whom, whose, which, that Ex: The house that Jack built is big. (house is modified by that) The professor, whom I respect, received overtime.

Interrogative Pronouns Ask a question List of interrogative pronouns: who, whom, whose, which, what. Ex: What is your favorite song?

Indefinite Pronouns Indefinite Pronouns Do not refer to a specific person, place, or thing. An indefinite pronoun does not usually have an antecedent. Singular Plural Singular or Plural another, anybody, anything, each, either, everybody, everyone, everything, much, neither, nobody, no one, nothing, one, somebody, someone, something Both, few, many, several All, any more, most, none, some

Verbs….oh my! Verbs Auxiliary verb = Helping verb. Expresses an action, a condition, or a state of being. The two main types of verbs are action verbs and linking verbs. We will also talk about one other type of verb today: Helping verbs. Your book wants us to call them auxiliary verbs. Just be ready if you see auxiliary verb; it means helping verb. Auxiliary verb = Helping verb.

Action Verbs Action verbs Expresses action, duh! The action may be physical or mental. Examples: The band marches onto the field. (physical) The audience expects a great performance. (mental) Who can give me some more examples of both mental and physical verbs?

Linking Verbs Linking verbs Links the subject of a sentence to a word in the predicate. *Side Note: The subject is the noun giving the action in a sentence and the predicate follows it, usually with the verb. There are two groups of linking verbs: forms of to be, and verbs that express condition. Examples: The instruments are safe in the bus. (to be) The students seemed bored during the long trip. (condition)

Linking Verbs cont. Forms of to be = is, am, are, was, were, been, being Some verbs that express condition = look, smell, feel, sound, taste, grow, appear, become, seem, remain

Linking and Action Verbs Some verbs can be either action or linking verbs. ****If you can substitute is, are, was, or were for a verb, you know it is a linking verb.**** Action Linking We felt the seat cushions. They felt dry. We tasted the popcorn. It tasted salty.

Helping Verbs(A.K.A Auxiliary Verbs) Combined with main verbs to form Verb phrases. A verb phrase may be used to express a particular tense of a verb, or to indicate that an action is directed at the subject. *Side Note* Verb phrase= a part of the sentence containing the verb and any direct or indirect objects, but not the subject. Example: The stadium is filled to capacity. (is=helping verb, filled=main verb) We should save a seat for Jeff. (should=helping verb, save=main verb)

Common Helping Verbs Be Have Might Shall Will Can May Must Should Would

Helping Verbs cont. Some of the helping verbs from the last slide can also be used as main verbs. For example notice how has stands alone in the first sentence below and is a helping verb in the second sentence. Sandra has a pair of Conga drums at home. (main verb) She has practiced her drumming all summer. (helping verb)

Adjectives When you think of adjectives, think of something that modifies (adds to) a noun or a pronoun. Adjectives Modifies or limits the meaning of a noun or pronoun. Example: We saw the famous singer at the legendary Carnegie Hall. (Famous modifies singer and legendary modifies Carnegie Hall)

Adjective Questions Adjectives answer the questions what kind, which one, how many, or how much. What Kind Which One How Many How much Famous song This star One dollar Some music Squeaky noise That way Three tenors More room Green light These words Several years Less energy

Use Adjectives to Describe this Man

Articles Articles The most common adjectives are the articles a, an, and the. A and an are indefinite articles that refer to one of a general group of people, places, things, or ideas. The is the definite article that usually refers to a specific person, place, thing, or idea. Examples: Indefinite: A student volunteered. Jessie bought an itinerary. Definite: The teacher arrived. Phil borrowed the camera from her.

Proper Adjectives Proper adjectives are formed from proper nouns. What are proper nouns again? Proper adjectives, like proper nouns, are capitalized. Also, they often end in –n, -an, -ian, -ese, and –ish. Examples: American artists perform in international countries. (What noun does American modify?) Japanese crowds fill Yokohama Stadium. (What noun does Japanese modify?)

Adverbs Adverbs Modify a verb, an adjective, or another adverb. Examples: We instantly recognized Creedence’s “Born on the Bayou.” (instantly is an adverb that modifies recognized) The famous notes rang out quite clearly. (quite modifies clearly and clearly modifies rang out. Both are adverbs.) *There is an adjective in this example too.* The orchestra waited until the auditorium grew completely quiet. (completely is an adverb that modifies the adjective quiet)

Adverb Questions Just like adjectives, adverbs answer certain questions. Where The student orchestra stopped here during a national tour. When Will they be returning soon? How Everyone played magnificently. To what extent The auditorium was completely full.

Notes on Adverbs Adverbs sometimes end in –ly. Frequent+ly=frequently Extreme+ly=extremely Sometimes the spelling changes because of this addition. True+ly=truly Possible+ly=possibly

Not and Never The words not and never are always adverbs. Darryl would not eat his liverwurst sandwich. (Not is an adverb modifying the verb eat.) Mr. Ross’s jokes are never boring. (Never is an adverb modifying the adjective boring.)

Good and Well Good=adjective. Only use good to describe a noun. It was a good game. (Good is modifying the noun game.) Well=adverb. Only use well to modify verbs. Their team played well. (Well is modifying the verb played.

Video to Describe https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v52COutHM2o

Prepositions- “Mouse in the Box!!!” A preposition shows the relationship between a noun or pronoun and another word in a sentence. Example: The sound of a jazz band filled the kitchen. The music was coming from a radio. If you are having trouble with prepositions, think “Mouse ____ the box.” Most prepositions will fit in this sentence about the mouse.

List of Prepositions Look in your book on page 23 for a table of prepositions. How many work with the mouse? Put these prepositions in your notes: as, at, by, for, of to. These do not fit with the mouse, and they are the prepositions no one thinks about.

Compound Prepositions Consist of more than one word. Example: Most rappers work one the spot instead of writing their raps before hand. A box of common compound prepositions is in your book on page 23.

Prepositional Phrases Consists of a preposition and its object, and any modifiers of the object. The object of a preposition is the noun or pronoun that follows a preposition. Prepositional phrases often express relationships of location (by, near), direction (to, down), or time (before, during).

Prepositional Phrases Examples (Red=preposition, Brown=object) Many early jazz bands played in New Orleans. (location) Musicians traveled to other large cities. (direction) During the 1920s, jazz swept the country. (time) A sentence may contain more than one prepositional phrase. Each preposition has its own object. Ex= We listened to a solo by Louis Armstrong.

Conjunctions A conjunction connects words or groups of words. There are 3 kinds of conjunctions: coordinating, correlative, and subordinating.

Coordinating Conjunctions Connect words or groups of words with equal importance in a sentence. (We need a lot of connections in English….) Greg and Josh watched the new TMNT movie. The action started out on a beach, but the scene changed quickly.

FANBOYS F- for A- and N- nor B- but O- or Y- yet S- so

Correlative Conjunctions Correlative conjunctions are word pairs that serve to join words or groups of words. Look on page 26 for a list of correlative conjunctions. Examples: You will not only hear your favorite song but also see the performer. Either the music or the visual images will grab your attention.

Subordinating Conjunctions Subordinating conjunctions introduce subordinate clauses (dependent clauses) and join them to independent clauses. Examples: The band waited while the director checked the lighting. Although music videos are short, they are expensive to produce. Look on page 27 for a list of subordinating conjunctions.

Interjections An interjection is a word or a phrase used to express emotion. Examples Yikes! Our project is due tomorrow. Well, where should we start?

The End!