1. Parts of Speech- Pronouns
English

2. Key Concept:
Pronouns are words that stand for nouns or for words that take the place of nouns.

3. Antecedents of Pronouns
Pronouns get their meaning from the words they stand for.
These words are called antecedents.
Antecedents are nouns (or words that take the place of nouns) for which pronouns stand.
Example:
Michael said he lost his watch at the fair. (he and his are the antecedent’s for Michael).
Antecedents do not always appear before their pronouns, however.
Sometimes, an antecedent follows its pronoun.
Because of its carnival, Rottweil, Germany, is my favorite city. (its is the antecedent for Rottweil, Germany).
Do Recognizing Antecedents and Writing with Pronouns and Antecedents exercises after these notes.

4. Personal Pronouns
The most common pronouns are those that you use to refer to yourself and the people and things around you. These pronouns are called personal pronouns.
Personal pronouns refer to the person speaking (first person), the person spoken to (second person), or the person, place or thing spoken about (third person).

5. He, him, his, she, her, hers, it, its
Personal Pronouns
Singular
Plural
First Person
I, me, my, mine
We, us, our, ours
Second Person
You, your, yours
Third Person
He, him, his, she, her, hers, it, its
They, them, their, theirs
Complete Identifying Personal Pronouns and Their Antecedent exercise.

6. Reflexive and Intensive Pronouns
The ending –self or –selves can be added to some personal pronouns to form reflexive and intensive pronouns.
A reflexive pronoun ends in –self or –selves and indicates that someone or something performs an action to, for, or upon itself.
Reflexive pronouns point back to a noun or pronoun earlier in the sentence.
An intensive pronoun ends in –self or –selves and simply adds emphasis to a noun or pronoun in the same sentence.

7. 8 Reflexive and Intensive Pronouns used in English
Singular
Plural
First Person
myself
Ourselves
Second Person
yourself
Yourselves
Third person
Himself, herself, itself
themselves

8. Examples:
A reflexive pronoun is essential to the meaning of a sentence.
In the following examples, identify the reflexive pronoun and the antecedent.
Joy helped herself to some turkey.
They poured themselves some milk.
An intensive pronoun on the other hand, simply adds emphasis. If you omit an intensive pronoun, the sentence will still contain the same basic information.
The mayor herself attended the carnival.
An intensive pronoun usually comes directly after its antecedent, but not always.
Frank fixed the refrigerator himself.
STOP HERE!
Herself= Joy, Herself= mayor, Himself= Frank
Complete Distiguishing between reflexive and intensive pronouns exercise.

9. Demonstrative, Relative and Interrogative Pronouns
Another group of pronouns can be used to direct attention, relate ideas, or ask questions.
Demonstrative pronouns direct attention to one of many different people, places or things.
Demonstrative pronouns may come before or after their antecedent.
Before: This is the person we want to hire.
After: Of all the celebrations in the world, that is my favorite.
Singular
Plural
This, that
These, those

10. That which who whom whose
Relative Pronouns
Relative pronouns relate clauses.
A relative pronoun begins a subordinate clause and connects it to another idea in the sentence.
The following sentences show the way relative pronouns are used in sentences.
That which who whom whose
Independent Clause
Subordinate Clause
We planted a shrub
that attacks ladybugs.
I saw a cicada
which was a surprise.
Louisa is the player
who pitched first.
Phil is the debater
whom the judges chose.
We visited Grandmother
whose house is in New Orleans.

11. Interrogative Pronouns
Most relative pronouns can also be used as interrogative pronouns.
An interrogative pronoun is used to begin a question.
An interrogative pronoun may or may not have a specific antecedent. In the following, only which has an antecedent.
Which of the vegetables do you want?
Who will go with me to the park?
Five Interrogative Pronouns
What Which Who Whom Whose
Complete exercise: recognizing demonstrative, relative, and interrogative pronouns.

12. Indefinite Pronouns
Indefinite pronouns resemble interrogative pronouns in that they often lack specific antecedents.
Specific Antecedent: Some of the tourists were late.
No Specific Antecedent: Everyone ate something.
Indefinite Pronouns refer to people, places, or things, often without specifying which ones.
Singular
Plural
Singular or Plural
Another anybody anyone anything each either everybody everyone everything little much neither nobody no one nothing one other somebody someone something
Both Few
Many Other
Several
All Any
More Most
None Some
Complete Identifying Pronouns.

13. Helping Verbs
Often, a single verb is formed from as many as four words.
Helping verbs may be added to a verb such as sung to make a verb phrase, such as had sung or should have been sung.
Helping verbs are verbs that can be added to another verb to make a single verb phrase.

14. Recognizing Helping Verbs
Learning the forms of be and other verbs that can be used as helping verbs will help you recognize helping verbs in the sentence.
Any of the many forms of be as well as some other verbs can be used as helping verbs.
Helping Verbs other than the form of be
Do have shall can
Does has should could
Did had will may
would might
must

15. Verb Phrases Helping Verbs Verbs
Verb phrases are created by the addition of helping verbs to other verbs. The following chart lists six examples, but the possibilities are almost endless.
Helping Verbs
Verbs Am
Did
Can
Will be
Should have
Might have been
Talking
Play
Write
Studying
Seen
Considered
Identifying helping verbs

16. Finding Helping Verbs in Sentences
Other words may sometimes separate helping verbs from main verbs in sentences.
Words Together: They will be flying in the morning.
Words Separated: They will definitely not be going with us.
Have you and the others met our friends?
The following examples show the words of a verb phrase together as well as verb phrases interrupted by other words.