13-1 OBJECTIVES IDENTIFY HOW SELECTIVE BREEDING IS USED COMPARE AND CONTRAST INBREEDING AND HYBRIDIZATION USE A PUNNETT SQUARE TO PERFORM A TEST CROSS Applied Genetics

Selective Breeding Process by which desired traits are selected and passed on the future generations  Used in animals and plants Hybridization- selecting traits that will make organisms more disease-resistant by producing hybrids (crossing 2 pure-breeds) Inbreeding- breeding 2 closely related organisms for desired traits to eliminate unwanted traits  May result in deformities from recessive traits

Test Cross Performed by crossing a homozygous recessive organism with one that has an unknown genotype Results of cross tell breeder the genotype of the unknown individual

13-2 IDENTIFY TOOLS USED IN GENETIC ENGINEERING DETERMINE HOW GENETIC ENGINEERING CAN BE USED TO IMPROVE HUMAN LIFE AND HOW IT CAN BE HARMFUL DNA Technology

Genetic Engineering Is the technology that involves manipulating the DNA of one organism to insert the DNA of another  Can insert gene for bioluminescent proteins; gene is naturally found in jelly fish

DNA Tools Restriction enzymes- bind to specific sequences and cleave (cut) the DNA within that sequence  Creates “sticky ends”, which are highly likely to bind with complementary bases and possibly recombine with other pieces of DNA

DNA Tools Gel electrophoresis- use of an electric current to separate pieces of DNA according to size

Recombinant DNA Technology A DNA molecule that contains DNA from different sources is called recombinant DNA  Enables individual genes to be studied  It is possible that a recombined product could be very harmful to humans Gene cloning- 1. Recombinant DNA is mixed with bacterial cells 2. Some bacterial cells take up DNA (called transformation)  Cloning = Process of producing large numbers of identical recombinant DNA molecules

Biotechnology Uses genetic information to find solutions to problems Transgenic organisms are those who contain genes from another organism; increase quality of human life  Animals- improve food supply & human health  Plants- more resistant to insects or viral pests  Bacteria- insulin, growth hormones, and substances that dissolve blood clots

13-3 OBJECTIVES IDENTIFY PROCESSES USED TO COMPLETE THE HUMAN GENOME PROJECT DISCUSS THE FIELD OF STUDY THAT INCLUDES THE HGP DETERMINE WHAT KINDS OF THERAPIES HAVE BEEN DEVELOPED AS A RESULT OF THE HGP The Human Genome

The Human Genome Project (HGP) Was completed in 2003; goal was to determine sequence of human DNA and identify all human genes DNA Fingerprinting involves separating DNA fragments using gel electrophoresis

Fields of Study Bioinformatics involves creating and maintaining databases of biological information  Data required storage, organization, and indexing Pharmacongenomics- study of how genetic inheritance affects the body’s response to drugs  Provided more accurate dosing of medicines

DNA Microarrays pg 377 Tiny microscope slides or silicon chips that are spotted with DNA fragments; get stained with fluorescent dye Allows one to distinguish between cell types

Gene Therapy Technique aimed at correcting mutated genes that cause disease  insert normal gene to replace a dysfunctional gene