Biochemistry

Biomolecules Carbohydrates Carbohydrates Lipids Lipids Proteins Proteins Nucleic acids Nucleic acids linked crash course

Structure All biomolecules have long carbon chains (some longer than others) All biomolecules have long carbon chains (some longer than others) All have MONOMERS (single molecules) that when bonded together make bigger biomolecules (POLYMERS) All have MONOMERS (single molecules) that when bonded together make bigger biomolecules (POLYMERS)

Draw atomic blueprint for C #p+ :_____ #e- :_____ #Ve- :_____

Carbon So how many different bonds can it form? ______ The foundation for the major molecules of life LINKEDLINKED crash course linked mini carbon1 linked mini carbon2 linked mini carbon3 linked mini carbon4 linked mini carbon5

Carbon can form long chains with itself A lot of energy can be stored in these chains

Carbon is green in this model

Macromolecules Carbon Chemistry Carbon Chemistry Carbon Chemistry Carbon Chemistry Form 4 covalent bonds Form 4 covalent bonds Bonds with itself forming straight chains, branched chains, or rings Bonds with itself forming straight chains, branched chains, or rings Can form single, double, or triple bonds Can form single, double, or triple bonds Definitions Definitions Polymer Polymer Monomer Monomer

Dehydration Synthesis= Polymerization Remove H 2 O 2 Monomers Bond= Polymer Anabolic reaction Anabolic reaction Produces polymer Produces polymer Monomer + Monomer  Polymer + Water Monomer + Monomer  Polymer + Water

Catabolic reaction Catabolic reaction Produces monomers Produces monomers Ex) Polysaccharides  monosaccharides Ex) Polysaccharides  monosaccharides Polymer + Water  Monomer + Monomer Polymer + Water  Monomer + Monomer Hydrolysis Add H 2 O Separate polymer into: 2 monomers

Carbohydrates Monomer: monosaccharide Monomer: monosaccharide Elements: C, H, O Elements: C, H, O Ratio: 2H : 1O Ratio: 2H : 1O Examples: Examples: Monosaccharide: glucose, fructose (C 6 H 12 O 6 ) Monosaccharide: glucose, fructose (C 6 H 12 O 6 ) Disaccharide: sucrose, galactose (C 12 H 22 O 11 ) Disaccharide: sucrose, galactose (C 12 H 22 O 11 ) Polysaccharide: starch (depends on number of C in chain) Polysaccharide: starch (depends on number of C in chain) Function: Function: Energy Energy Structure (in plants) Structure (in plants) linked

Monosaccharides: Isomers C 6 H 12 O 6 : Glucose, Fructose, GalactoseCarbohydrates Polysaccharide: Starch Monosaccharide: Glucose

Lipids Monomer: 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids Monomer: 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids Elements: C. H, O Elements: C. H, O Ratio: >2H : 1O Ratio: >2H : 1O Examples Examples Fats, waxes, steroids Fats, waxes, steroids Functions Functions Insulation (warmth) Insulation (warmth) Energy (more than carbs) Energy (more than carbs) Cushioning/protection Cushioning/protection Phospholipids in cell membrane Phospholipids in cell membrane linked

1Glycerol+3 Fatty Acids  1Trigyceride

Fats Saturated (full with H) Saturated (full with H) Solid at room temperature Solid at room temperature All C-C bonds are SINGLE All C-C bonds are SINGLE  risk for CAD  risk for CAD Unsaturated Unsaturated Liquid at room temperature Liquid at room temperature One or more bonds between carbon atoms are double One or more bonds between carbon atoms are double Monounsaturated, polyunsaturated Monounsaturated, polyunsaturated

One double bond > one double bond ALL SINGLE BONDS

Cholesterol Testosterone Carbons are Grey

Proteins Monomer: amino acids Monomer: amino acids All amino acids have CARBOXYL and AMINO groups All amino acids have CARBOXYL and AMINO groups linked

Proteins (cont) Elements: C, H, O, N Elements: C, H, O, N Examples and functions Examples and functions Enzymes: speed up reactions Enzymes: speed up reactions Antibodies: defense Antibodies: defense Structural: building and structure Structural: building and structure Hemoglobin: carry oxygen Hemoglobin: carry oxygen Membrane proteins: channels and pumps Membrane proteins: channels and pumps Proteins have very specific shapes. Their FUNCTION is dependant on their STRUCTURE. Proteins have very specific shapes. Their FUNCTION is dependant on their STRUCTURE.

Protein Structure

Protein Types Types Dipeptide: 2 aa Dipeptide: 2 aa Polypeptide: aa Polypeptide: aa Protein: aa Protein: aa Amino Acid (Glycine) Amino R Group Carboxyl Amino Acid (Alanine) Peptide Bond: Dipeptide

Protein  Amino Acid Relationship

Amino Acid Nitrogen added

Protein in muscle fiber One amino acid

Hemoglobin Each red blood cell contains hundreds

Enzymes ALL ENZYMES ARE PROTEINS ALL ENZYMES ARE PROTEINS Enzymes are CATALYSTS Enzymes are CATALYSTS They speed up reactions without being used up in those reactions They speed up reactions without being used up in those reactions They lower the ACTIVATION ENERGY needed for a reaction They lower the ACTIVATION ENERGY needed for a reaction EVERY REACTION IN THE BODY HAS A SPECIFIC ENZYME THAT HELPS IT HAPPEN EVERY REACTION IN THE BODY HAS A SPECIFIC ENZYME THAT HELPS IT HAPPEN linked

Enzymes (cont) Lock and key theory Lock and key theory Substrate (key) Substrate (key) Molecule enzyme works on Molecule enzyme works on Enzyme (lock) Enzyme (lock) Active site: part of enzyme that binds to substrate Active site: part of enzyme that binds to substrate linked

Activation Energy

Effect of enzymes

Nucleic acids Monomer: nucleotides Monomer: nucleotides Elements: C, H, O, N, P Elements: C, H, O, N, P Examples and functions Examples and functions DNA: has genes (information to make proteins) DNA: has genes (information to make proteins) RNA: carries information from DNA to where proteins are made RNA: carries information from DNA to where proteins are made

Nucleotide & DNA

Small Differences can make a Big Difference Vitamin C Aspirin

Small Differences can make a Big Difference Caffeine Nicotine