S CIENTIFIC R EVOLUTION Chapter 15 Lesson 3

Portugal Leads the Way Henry the Navigator Since Middle Ages, Europeans craved luxury goods from Asia Merchants from England, France, Spain, and Portugal wanted an Asian sea route Portuguese, with help from the government, were first to succeed - Prince Henry opened school for navigators, mapmakers, and shipbuilders - also sponsored explorations, so became known as “the Navigator” Sponsor: person who gives money for an undertaking

Portugal Leads the Way Technology and Exploration Henry the Navigatorʼs school made advances in technology Henry the Navigatorʼs school made advances in technology Caravel: ship designed for long voyages; with square and triangular sails Caravel: ship designed for long voyages; with square and triangular sails Portuguese sailors used the Greek astrolabe to find a ships' latitude Portuguese sailors used the Greek astrolabe to find a ships' latitude Astrolabe—measures the angle of stars above the horizon Astrolabe—measures the angle of stars above the horizon

Portugal Leads the Way Reaching India By 1460, Portugal had trading posts along the African west coast developed profitable trade in gold, ivory, and slaves In 1488, explorer Bartolomeu Dias rounded Africaʼs southern tip Vasco da Gama extended Diasʼ route; he sailed east to India in 1498 Portugal had trading posts in India, and the Spice Islands In time, Portugal dominated European trade with Asia

Columbus Reaches America Columbus’ First Voyage Columbus believed he could reach Asia faster by sailing West. Some people thought this was strange and both Spain and Portugal rejected it at first. Columbus convinced Spain’s monarchs to sponsor his plan. August 1492 Columbus departed Spain with three caravels and ten weeks later reached land.

Columbus Reaches America Columbus’ Mistake Columbus thought land was India. He thought he was greeted by “Indians” No trade goods could be found. Columbus set up a settlement and returned to Spain.

Columbus Reaches America The Treaty of Tordesillas Spain and Portugal wanted to protect their discoveries. They signed the Treaty of Tordesillas. - they drew an imaginary line around the world. - Spain could lay claim to the lands to the west of the line and Portugal to the east of the line.

Columbus Reaches America Additional Voyages Spain’s Ferdinand and Isabella sent Columbus on three more voyages. Columbus found many islands, but could not find a route to Asia. The Spanish monarchs lost patience with Columbus. In 1506, Columbus died bitter and lonely and insisted that he had reached India.

Exploration After Columbus Circling the Globe After Columbus’ voyages, many Europeans sailed to America. Spain sponsored Portuguese sailor Ferdinand Magellan in Magellan was attempting to be the first person to circumnavigate the globe. Magellan sailed around South America into the Pacific Ocean. He landed in the Philippine Islands and was killed in a war. His depleted crew finished the trip.

Exploration After Columbus Circling the Globe After Columbus’ voyages, many Europeans sailed to America. Spain sponsored Portuguese sailor Ferdinand Magellan in Magellan was attempting to be the first person to circumnavigate the globe. Magellan sailed around South America into the Pacific Ocean. He landed in the Philippine Islands and was killed in a war. His depleted crew finished the trip.

Exploration After Columbus Spanish Conquerors In 1500s, many Spanish explorers went to America seeking gold. Hernan Cortes conquered the rich Aztec empire. Within ten years, Spain won control of the entire region. They enslaved many who lived in today’s Mexico and Central America. Francisco Pizarro led the attack on the Incan empire that killed the Incan emperor. by 1535, Spain controlled most of the Incan lands and had Incan slaves work the mines.

Exploration After Columbus Further Explorations in the North Hernando de Soto explored today’s southern United States. England and France sponsored attempts to find the Northwest Passage to Asia. While looking for the Northwest Passage, John Cabot claimed the coastal lands in North America. Verrazano’s search for the Northwest Passage ended at New York Harbor. France’s Cartier explored the St. Lawrence River inland through Canada.

Exploration After Columbus Mapmaking and New Worldview Each new voyage and discovery changed the European view of Earth. Maps in the 1500s began showing two the continents: the Americas The Americas were named after mapmaker Amerigo Vespucci. He was the first to explore and map the coasts of the new continents.

Exit Question: What mistaken idea about the world led Columbus to identify the new world as India? Why did the monarchs of Spain doubt that Columbus had reached India?