Chapter 5-3 Putting it all together for the Advances in Genetics – where are scientists going with all this?

Three Methods people have use to develop organisms with desirable traits  Selective breeding  Inbreeding  Hybridization

#2: Selective Breeding  Process of selecting a few organisms with the desired traits to serve as parents of the next generation is selective breeding

Selective Breeding continued  This is selecting organisms with desired traits to be parents of the next generation  This has been done for 1000’s of years

Inbreeding: 3.Crossing two individuals that have similar characteristics.

Inbreeding continued  Example: cross two turkeys that are plump and grow quickly  Usually genetically very similar  Can increase the probability that organisms may inherit alleles that lead to genetic disorders.

Inbreeding continued a.Can increase the probability that organisms may inherit alleles that lead to genetic disorders.

Hybridization: 4. Crossing two individuals that are genetically different a. They are bred to have the best traits from both parents

True or False  In hybridization, breeders cross two individuals that are genetically identical.

 FALSE  Why???? Hybridization crosses two genetically different individuals

Question:  When breeders cross two genetically different individuals to produce an organism with the best traits from both parents, this breeding method is called ________________

Answer:  Hybridization

Clone 5. an organism that has exactly the same genes as the organism from which it was produced

Cloning: info  Plants are easy to clone: cut a stem from one plant and put the stem in soil, water it and it will grow into a new plant…NOT ALL PLANTS will do this, however!

Cloning in animals:  More complex!!!  Take the nucleus of an animal’s body cell and use that to produce a new animal by injecting the information into an “empty” egg  Discover video clip (8 minutes) – Modern Genetics…more about cloning

What letters are true for #6? a. A clone has exactly the same genes as the organism from which it was produced. b. A cutting is one way to make a clone of an animal. c. It’s easier to clone an animal than it is to clone a plant.

Answer: A. A clone has exactly the same genes as the organism from which it was produced.

True or False  Cloning can be done only in animals.

False Why? Cloning animals can be done, it’s just more complex than plants.

Genetic Engineering: #8  Genes from one organism are transferred into the DNA of another organism

Genetic Engineering continued  This is used for: Producing medicine and improving food crops

Genetic Engineering, continued  Human genes can be inserted into the cells of cows so the cows produce the human protein for milk

 Same technique used for producing blood clotting protein needed by people with hemophilia  Allow plants to resist cold temperatures  Enable plants to resist insect pests

Using genetic engineering to fix some genetic disorders in humans  Gene Therapy - Inserting copies of a gene directly into a person’s cells  Example: treat hemophilia by replacing the defective allele on the X chromosome

Concerns about Genetic Engineering  Are crops that have been genetic engineered safe?  Will they harm the environment or cause health problems in humans?  Will other genetic disorders be caused by correcting one genetic disorder?

The Human Genome Project: #11 & 12  Genome: All the DNA in one cell of an organism.

Goal of the Human Genome Project  Pinpoint the DNA sequence of every gene on every chromosome  DNA of humans has at least 30,000 genes and each gene is made up of at least 30,000 bases

DNA Fingerprinting  Identify people from their DNA

DNA Fingerprinting  Show whether people are related or not – useful for criminal investigations  No two people have the same DNA EXCEPT for identical twins

HOW: DNA from a person’s cells is broken down into smaller pieces. The pieces are used to produce a pattern

LOTS & LOTS OF CONTROVERSY  Human cloning may produce sub- humans to fight in our wars.  Genetically modified food = not good for you. Will it lead to health problems in the future?  Will it lead to designer babies?  What if it leads to babies with disorders?  Lack of genetic variety  Many more issues!!!!!!!

Does the evidence match the known sample?