Infinitive Practice לִשְׁפֹּט לְ preposition: “to” Qal Infinitive Construct שָׁפַט “he judged” “to judge”

Infinitive Practice לְלַמְּדָם לְְ preposition: “to” Piel Infinitive Construct לָמַד “he learned” 3MP Object Suffix “to teach them”

Infinitive Practice לְהִלָּהֵם לְְ preposition: “to” Nifal Infinitive Construct [לחם] “he fought” “to fight”

Infinitive Practice כְּדַבֵּר כְּ preposition: “when” Piel Infinitive Construct [דּבר] “he said/spoke” “when (he) spoke”

Infinitive Practice מִרְדֹף מִן preposition: “from” Qal Infinitive Construct [רָדַף] “he pursued” “from pursing”

Infinitive Practice בְּהַכְרִית בְּpreposition: “when” Hifil Infinitive Construct [כָרַת] “he cut off” “when (he/she) cut off”

Participles

Do not reflect person But do reflect gender and number

Participles Active or Passive Voice Active: writing Passive: written

Participles Only the Qal stem has both active and passive participles When you parse you need to identify if a Qal participle is active or passive For the other binyan this need not be done because the binyan itself will determine whether the participle is ‘active’ or ‘passive’

Participles For other binyan, voice is determined by the nature of the binyan themselves Active Binyan-Active Voice (most common) Piel Hifil Passive Binyan-Passive Voice Nifal Pual Hofal Reflexive Binyan-Reflextive Voice Hitpael Sometimes Nifal

Active Participles: endings the same as nouns and adjectives Absolute Construct

Passive Participles: endings the same as nouns and adjectives Absolute Construct

Prefixes Qal both Active and Passive No prefixes All other binyan have prefixes Nifal: נ "Marticiples” (not a technical term) All other binyan are prefixed with a מ

Qal Active Participle: Distinctive Feature A.The initial holem appears in all forms of the Qal Active Participle i.It may be written either as full, a holem-vav, or defectively (holem without the vav)

Qal Active Participle

Qal Passive Participle: Distinctive Feature A.All forms are written with a sureq between the second and third consonants of the verb root

Qal Passive Participle

Nifal Participle: Distinctive Features A.All have a prefixed נ Note: Long a-class theme vowel (qames) which does not reduce

Nifal Participle

Piel, Pual, Hifil, Hophal, Hitpael Participles: Distinctive Features A.All are prefixed with a מ

Piel Participle: Distinctive Features A.Prefixed with a מ B.Dagesh forte in R2 C.Vocal sheva under all preformatives (מְ) D.Patah under all first root letters

Piel Participle: Distinctive Features

Pual Participle: Distinctive Features A.Prefixed with a מ B.Long a-class vowel (qames) which does not reduce C.Dagesh forte in R2 D.Vocal sheva under all preformatives (מְ) E.Qibbus under R1

Pual Participle: Distinctive Features

Hifil Participle: Distinctive Features A.Prefixed with a מ B.Patah under all preformatives C.Long i-class (hireq yodh) theme vowel

Hifil Participle: Distinctive Features

Hofal Participle: Distinctive Features A.Prefixed with a מ B.Long a-class theme vowel (qames) which does not reduce C.Short o-class vowel (qames hatuph) under all preformatives

Hofal Participle: Distinctive Features

Hitpael Participle: Distinctive Features A.Prefixed with a מ B.Short i-class theme vowel (hireq) under all preformatives C. ת infix D.Dagesh forte in R2 E.Patah under R1

Hitpael Participle: Distinctive Features

Function of the Participle Three principle functions Adjectives Verbs Nouns

Adjectival Function Attributive Predicative

Adjectival Function Attributive Usually follow the nouns they describe Agree with the noun in gender, number, and definiteness Usually translated as relative clauses using relative pronouns such as: “who”, “which”, or “that”

Adjectival Function Predicative In the predicate position It describes or modifies the subject Is usually joined to the subject by some form of the verb “to be”, although this is often not written and must be inferred

Attributive Function כָּל־הָאָלוֹת הַכְּתוּבוֹת עַל־הַסֵּפֶר Noun Singular Construct “all of” Article: “the” Feminine Plural Absolute Noun: “curses”

Attributive Function כָּל־הָאָלוֹת הַכְּתוּבוֹת עַל־הַסֵּפֶר Article: “the” Qal Passive Participle Feminine Plural Absolute כָרַת “he wrote” “that are written/have been written”

Attributive Function כָּל־הָאָלוֹת הַכְּתוּבוֹת עַל־הַסֵּפֶר Preposition: “in” Article: “the” Noun Singular Absolute: “book”

Attributive Function כָּל־הָאָלוֹת הַכְּתוּבוֹת עַל־הַסֵּפֶר All the curses that are written in the book

Predicative Function אָרוּר אַתָּה מִכָּל־הַבְּהֵמָה Qal Passive Participle Masculine Singular Absolute אָרַר “he cursed” “cursed”

Predicative Function אָרוּר אַתָּה מִכָּל־הַבְּהֵמָה Personal Pronoun 2MS: “You“ “Cursed you (are)/you (are) cursed”

Predicative Function אָרוּר אַתָּה מִכָּל־הַבְּהֵמָה Preposition: “from” Nouns S Cst.: “all of” Article: “the” Noun FS Abs.: “livestock”

Predicative Function אָרוּר אַתָּה מִכָּל־הַבְּהֵמָה “Cursed are you above all the livestock”

Verbal Function Normally are preceded by an expressed subject with which they must agree in gender and number Participles used as verbs do not take the definite article Timeless: time can only be determined by the context in which they stand They describe continuous action in the time of the context Past, present, or future They are often made more explicitly when preceded by הָיָה Future participles often refer to the immediate future especially when introduced by the demonstrative particle הִנֵּה, “Behold!”

Verbal Function: Past Time וּשְׁמוּאֵל שֹׁכֵב בְּהֵיכַל יְהוָה Vav Conjunction: “and” Proper Noun MS Abs: “Samuel”

Verbal Function: Past Time וּשְׁמוּאֵל שֹׁכֵב בְּהֵיכַל יְהוָה Qal Active Participle Masculine Singular Absolute שָׁכַב “he lay down” “was lying down”

Verbal Function: Past Time וּשְׁמוּאֵל שֹׁכֵב בְּהֵיכַל יְהוָה Preposition: “in” Noun S Cst.: “(the) temple of”

Verbal Function: Past Time וּשְׁמוּאֵל שֹׁכֵב בְּהֵיכַל יְהוָה Proper Noun MS Abs.: “the Lord”

Verbal Function: Past Time וּשְׁמוּאֵל שֹׁכֵב בְּהֵיכַל יְהוָה “And Samuel was lying down in the temple of the Lord”

Verbal Function: Present Time כִּי אְַנִי יְהוָה אֹהֵב מִשְׁפָּט Qal Active Participle Masculine Singular Absolute אָהַב “he loved” “love” For I the Lord love justice

Verbal Function: Future Time הִנְּךָ שֹׁכֵב עִם־אְַבֹתֶיךָ Qal Active Participle Masculine Singular Absolute שָׁכַב “he lay down” “about to sleep/lie down” Behold, you are about to sleep/lie down with your ancestors.

Participles as Nouns They indicate the “one who” or the “ones who” are performing a certain action or exist in a certain state or condition They may be: Indefinite or Definite Singular or Plural Can be used in all the ways nouns are normally used: Subject Predicate Direct Object Object of the Preposition In apposition to other nouns They may also take the direct object, either in the form of another noun or a pronominal suffix

Participles as Nouns: Absolute State וְהָלְכוּ שָׁם גְּאוּלִים Qal Weqatal 3M Pl. הָלַך “he walked” “they shall go/walk”

Participles as Nouns: Absolute State וְהָלְכוּ שָׁם גְּאוּלִים Adverb: “there”

Participles as Nouns: Absolute State וְהָלְכוּ שָׁם גְּאוּלִים Qal Passive Participle Masculine Plural Absolute גָאַל “he redeemed” “the redeemed”

Participles as Nouns: Absolute State וְהָלְכוּ שָׁמ גְּאוּלִים “And the redeemed shall go/walk there”

Participles as Nouns: Construct State הְַשֹׁמֵר אָחִי אָנֹכִי Qal Active Participle Masculine Singular Absolute שָׁמַר “he kept” “Am (I) the keeper of”

Participles as Nouns: Construct State הְַשֹׁמֵר אָחִי אָנֹכִי Noun S. Cst.: “my brother”

Participles as Nouns: Construct State הְַשֹׁמֵר אָחִי אָנֹכִי Personal Pronoun 1 S “I”

Participles as Nouns: Construct State הְַשֹׁמֵר אָחִי אָנֹכִי “Am I (the) keeper of my brother ”

Participles as Nouns: With Pronominal Suffixes כִּי־מְכַבְּדַי אְַכַבֵּר Conjunction: “for”

Participles as Nouns: With Pronominal Suffixes כִּי־מְכַבְּדַי אְַכַבֵּר Piel Participle Masculine Plural Construct כָּבֵד “he was/became heavy; (Piel) he was honored, glorified” 1CS Suffix: me “for those who honor me”

Participles as Nouns: With Pronominal Suffixes כִּי־מְכַבְּדַי אְַכַבֵּר Piel Imperfect 1CS כָּבֵד “he was/became heavy; (Piel) he was honored, glorified” “I will honor”

Participles as Nouns: With Pronominal Suffixes כִּי־מְכַבְּדַי אְַכַבֵּר “For those who honor me I will honor”