1. נִשְׁלְחָה אֲנָשִׁים לְפָנֵינוּ וְיַחְפְּרוּ־לָנוּ אֶת־הָאָרֶץ Qal Imperfect (Cohortative) 1Pl שָׁלַח “he sent” “Let us send”

2. נִשְׁלְחָה אֲנָשִׁים לְפָנֵינוּ וְיַחְפְּרוּ־לָנוּ אֶת־הָאָרֶץ Vav Conjunction Qal Imperfect (Jussive) 3MP חפר “to dig, to search for” “that they may explore”

3. Imperfect + Imperfect Sequence נִשְׁלְחָה אֲנָשִׁים לְפָנֵינוּ וְיַחְפְּרוּ־לָנוּ אֶת־הָאָרֶץ “Let us send men before us, that they may explore the land for us.”

4. בַּקֵּשׁ שָׁל ֣ וֹם וְרָדְפֵֽהוּ׃ Piel Imperative 2MS [ בּקשׁ ] “to seek” “Seek”

5. בַּקֵּשׁ שָׁל ֣ וֹם וְרָדְפֵֽהוּ׃ Vav Conjunction Qal Imperative 2MS רָדַף “he pursued” 3MS Suffix “and pursue it”

6. Imperative + Imperative Sequence בַּקֵּשׁ שָׁל ֣ וֹם וְרָדְפֵֽהוּ׃ “Seek peace, and pursue it”

7. פֶּן־יִשְׁלַ ֣ ח יָדוֹ וְלָקַח גַּ ֚ ם מֵעֵ ֣ ץ הַֽחַיִּים Qal Imperfect 3MS שָׁלַח “he sent, reach out” “Lest he reach out”

8. פֶּן־יִשְׁלַ ֣ ח יָדוֹ וְלָקַח גַּ ֚ ם מֵעֵ ֣ ץ הַֽחַיִּ ֔ ים Qal Weqatal 3MS לָקַח “he took” “and take”

9. Subjunctive + Perfect Sequence פֶּן־יִשְׁלַ ֣ ח יָדוֹ וְלָקַח גַּ ֚ ם מֵעֵ ֣ ץ הַֽחַיִּ ֔ ים “Lest he reach out his hand and take also from the tree of life”

10. Pe Gutturals

11. Pe Guttural (I-Guttural) עָזַב

12. Ayin Guttural (II-Guttural) זָעַק

13. Lamed Guttural (III-Guttural) שָׁמַע

14. Pe Alef (I-Alef) אָבַד

15. Lamed Alef (III-Alef) מָצָא

16. Lamed He (III-He) פָּנָה

17. Pe Nun (I-Nun) נָתַן

18. Ayin Vav/Ayin Yod (II-Vav/II Yod) בִּיןקוּם

19. Pe Vav/Pe Yod (I-Vav/I-Yod) יָלַד

20. Double Ayin (Geminate Verbs) מָדַד

21. Gutturals ע, ח, ה, אand sometimes ר

22. Characteristics of Gutturals 3 distinct characteristics: 1. Gutturals cannot be doubled 2. Gutturals usually take ‘a’ class vowels 3. Gutturals usually take compound shevas rather than simple shevas

23. Gutturals cannot be doubled 1. That is, they reject the dagesh forte. 1. This refusal on the part of the guttural to accept a dagesh forte calls for the compensatory lengthening of the preceding vowel, which otherwise would be left as a short vowel in an unaccented open syllable. 2. The normal pattern for compensatory lengthening: a) If patah, it will be lengthened to a qames b) If hireq, it will be lengthened to sere c) If qibbus it will be lengthened to holem

24. Gutturals usually take ‘a’ class vowels If the guttural has a vowel following it, the vowel will normally be patah. Certain strong gutturals, when situated as the final consonant in a word, also demand an ‘a’ class vowel immediately before them. These gutturals include הּ (he with a mappiq), ח, and ע. In the event that the vowel before one of these final gutturals is unchangeably long, a patah furtive must be inserted between this vowel and the final guttural.

25. Gutturals usually take compound shevas rather than simple shevas Simple shevas must therefore be changed to compound shevas when placed after gutturals. This rule applies even to silent shevas when they stand after a guttural at the end of the first syllable of a prefixed form of a Pe Guttural verb.

26. Pe Guttural Verbs Nomenclature Pe Guttural I-Guttural Pe Laryngeal Primae Gutturalis

27. Pe Guttural Verbs One whose initial consonant is either ע, ח, ה, or ר

28. Pe Guttural Verbs ה

29. ח

30. ע

31. ר

32. א

33. A verb whose initial consonant is א may also belong to the Pe Guttural class, or it may differ so widely from other verbs that it must be assigned to a class all its own, the Pe Aleph Class. There are 5 verbs that being with an א that are designated Pe Aleph because they exhibit a feature different from the Pe Gutturals.

34. Principal Features Refuse dagesh forte/doubling Require Compound Sheva Preference for A-Class Vowels

35. Refuse Dagesh Forte/Doubling The guttural does note take a dagesh forte The guttural consonant refuses doubling

36. Require Compound Sheva The guttural does not take a simple vocal sheva A guttural consonant must have a compound/composite sheva if the sheva is vocal

37. Preference for A-Class Vowels The gutturals have a preference for a-class vowels The gutturals have a preference for the a-class compound sheva, i.e., the hateph patah

38. Compound Sheva Instead of a Simple Vocal Sheva: Qal עְַמַדְתֶּם

39. Compound Sheva Instead of a Simple Vocal Sheva: Nifal נֶעְמַד ֶ

40. Compound Sheva Instead of a Simple Vocal Sheva: Hifil הֶעְמִיד יַעְַמִיד ֶ

41. Compound Sheva Instead of a Simple Vocal Sheva: Hifil הָעְמַד ָ

42. Compensatory Lengthening יִשָּׁמֵר יֵעָמֵד

43. Vowel Modification Due to A-Class Preference of the Guttural: Qal יַעְַמֹד

44. Vowel Modification Due to A-Class Preference of the Guttural: Nifal נֶעְמַד ֶ

45. Vowel Modification Due to A-Class Preference of the Guttural: Hifil הֶעְמִיד ֶ

46. Principal Binyanim Qal  Compound sheva instead of simple sheva  Vowel modification due to a-class preference of the guttural

47. Principal Binyanim Nifal  Compensatory Lengthening  Compound sheva instead of simple sheva  Vowel modification due to a-class preference of the guttural

48. Principal Binyanim Piel  Same as strong verb

49. Principal Binyanim Pual  Same as strong verb

50. Pe Guttural Verbs Written like strong verbs in the Piel, Pual, and Hitpael binyanim

51. Strong Verb Pe Guttural מִשֵּׁלעִמֵּד Piel Perfect 3MS

52. Strong Verb Pe Guttural מֻשַּׁלעֻמַּד Pual Perfect 3MS

53. Principal Binyanim Hifil  Compound sheva instead of simple sheva  Vowel modification due to a-class preference of the guttural

54. Principal Binyanim Hophal  Compound sheva instead of simple sheva

55. Principal Binyanim Hitpael  Same as strong verb

56. Strong Verb Pe Guttural הִתְמַשֵּׁל הִתְעַמֵּד Hitpael Perfect 3MS

57. Pe Gutturals Pe Gutturals differ from strong verbs in some of the Qal and Nifal forms And in all of the Hifil and Hofal Stems

58. Pe Gutturals 1. The initial consonant of Pe Guttural verbs cannot be doubled a) Compensatory lengthening becomes necessary otherwise a short vowel would be left standing in an open unaccented syllable

59. Pe Gutturals These changes only occur in Nifal forms that are prefixed and would normally have a dagesh forte in the initial root consonant. Includes all Nifal imperfects, imperatives, and infinitive constructs. The preformative vowel before the guttural is lengthened from a hireq to a sere. The sere is then pointed with a meteg, because it stands in an open syllable which is two syllables removed from the accented syllable.

60. Strong Verb Pe Guttural יִמָּשֵׁליֵעָמֵד Nifal Imperfect 3MS

61. Strong Verb Pe Guttural תִּמָּשֵׁל תֵּעָמֵד Nifal Imperfect 3FS

62. Strong Verb Pe Guttural הִמָּשֵׁל תֵּעָמֵד Nifal Infinitive Construct

63. Pe Gutturals 2. Other differences result from the fact that gutturals generally take compound shevas. a) The shevas that stand after initial gutturals in non-prefixed verb forms must be compounds shevas. This rule applies to only 5 Pe Guttural forms, all of which occur in the Qal, and all of which take the hatef-patah ( ְַ )

64. Strong Verb Pe Guttural מְשַׁלְתֶּם עְַמַדְתֵּ ם Qal Perfect 2MP

65. Strong Verb Pe Guttural מְשַׁלְתֶּן עְַמַדְתֵּן Qal Perfect 2FP

66. Strong Verb Pe Guttural מְשֹׁ ל עְַ מֹד Qal Imperative 2MS

67. Strong Verb Pe Guttural מְשֹׁלְנָ ה עְַמֹדְ נָה Qal Imperative 2FS

68. Strong Verb Pe Guttural מְשֹׁ ל עְַ מֹד Qal Infinitive Construct

69. Pe Gutturals 2. Other differences result from the fact that gutturals generally take compound shevas. b) A silent sheva which would close the initial syllable of a strong verb is changed to a compound sheva in the corresponding form of a Pe Guttural verb. The prefix vowel standing immediately before such a compound sheva becomes the short vowel corresponding to the vowel of the compound sheva. The prefix vowel normally receives a meteg. This produces the following combinations:

70. Compound Shevas ְַ ־

71. Compound Shevas ְֶ ֶ

72. ְָ ָ

73. Hatef Patah  Qal Imperfect  A few take hatef segol  Nifal Infinitive Absolute  Hifil Imperfect  Hifil Imperative  Hifil Infinitive (construct and absolute)  Hifil Participle

74. Compound Shevas Hatef Segol  Some Qal Imperfects  Nifal Perfect  Nifal Participle  Hifil Perfect

75. Compound Shevas Hatef Qames  All forms of the Hofal

76. Pe Gutturals 2. Other differences result from the fact that gutturals generally take compound shevas. c) Since two vocal shevas cannot stand together within a word, the first of these must be raised to a full vowel. The full vowel that takes the place of a compound sheva must be the short vowel that corresponds to the vowel of the compound sheva

77. Qal Imperfect 2FS תַּעְַמְדִי תַּעַמְדִי

78. Nifal Perfect 3FS נֶעְמְדָה נֶעֶמְדָה ֶ

79. Hofal Perfect 3FS הָעְמְדָה הָעָמְדָה ָ

80. Hofal Imperfect 2FS תָּעְמְדִי תָּעָמְדִי ָ

81. Parsing Practice

82. עְַזַבְתָּנִי Qal Perfect 2MS 1CS Suffix עָזַב “he abandoned” “you abandoned me”

83. Parsing Practice אַעְַבִיר Hifil Imperfect 1CS עָבַר “he passed over” “I will pass”

84. Parsing Practice נֶאְמָן Nifal Participle MS Abs. [אמן]“he was faithful” “he is faithful” ֶ

85. Parsing Practice יְעַבֵּד Piel Imperfect 3MS עָבַד “he served” “he will serve”

86. Parsing Practice יְעַבֵּד Piel Imperfect 3MS עָבַד “he served” “he will serve”

87. Parsing Practice אַעְַמִיד Hifil Imperfect 1CS עָמַד“he stood” “I will cause to stand”