LAN 405 Beginning Hebrew II

LAN 405 Beginning Hebrew II
*Photo from Class III: 1) Imperative, cohortative & jussive (Ch 18); 2) Pronominal Suffixes on Verbs (Ch 19) Dr. Esa Autero

Imperative, Cohortative & Jussive
1.1 Introduction Volitional conjugation – imperative, cohortative & jussive “Command, wish, desire” Related to imperfect [shortened forms] Imperative occurs 4,288 x in the HB – Qal 2,896x (68%)* 2.1 Imperative Conjugation Primarily direct command – demanding immediate action Sometimes to communicate request or grant permission Only in 2ms, 2fs, 2mp, 2fp *Pratico and van Pelt, 209. Photo:

Forms of imperative Only four forms Imperfect without the preformative = imperative Imperative Sufformative Translation 2ms קְטֹל ־ (you) kill! 2fs קִטְלִי ִי 2mp קִטְלוּ וּ 2fp קְטֹ֫לְנָה נָה *

Relationship between imperfect and imperative Imperfect form Substract preformative Imperative form 2ms תִּקְטֹל תִּ׀קְטֹל קְטֹל 2fs תִּקְטְלִי תִּ׀קְטְלִי קִטְלִי 2mp תִּקְטְלוּ תִּ׀קְטְלוּ קִטְלוּ 2fp תִּקְטֹלְנָה תִּ׀קְטֹלְנָה קְטֹ֫לְנָה *

Alternate forms with added ָה in 2ms imperative NOTE: imperative is NOT used in negative commands Use regular imperfect with לֹא or אַל Verbal root Regular 2ms form Alternate form (ָה) Translation שָׁמַר שְׁמֹר שָׁמְרָה You (2ms) observe! שָׁפַט שְׁפֹט שָׁפְטָה You (2ms) judge! שָׁמַע שְׁמַע שִׁמְעָה You (2ms) listen! *

The particle נָא (x191 in HB.) Imperative often followed by particle נָא - translate as “please” or leave untranslated Translation of the imperative עִבְדוּ אֶת־יְהוָה You serve (2mp) the LORD OR Serve the LORD! (Ps 100:2) *

Weak forms of imperative I – only spelling changes Imperfect I-Guttural Imperative Imperfect II-Guttural Imperative 2ms תֶּחֱזַק חֲזַק תִּבְחַר בְּחַר 2fs תֶּחֶזְקִי חִזְקִי תִּבְחֲרִי בַּחֲרִי 2mp תֶּחֶזְקוּ חִזְקוּ תִּבְחֲרוּ בַּחֲרוּ 2fp תֶּחֱזַ֫קְנָה חֲזַקְנָה תִּבְחַרְנָה בְּחַ֫רְנָה Imperfect III-ע/ח Imperative Imperfect III-א Imperative תִּשְׁלַח שְׁלַח תִּמְצָא מְצָא תִּשְׁלְחִי שִׁלְחִי תִּמְצְאִי מִצְאִי תִּשְׁלְחוּ שִׁלְחוּ תִּמְצְאוּ מִצְאוּ תִּשְׁלַחְנָה שְׁלַ֫חְנָה תִּמְצֶ֫אנָה מְצֶ֫אנָה *

Weak forms of imperative II - loss of root consonants If unsure what the verb is, reconstruct the verb by trying out the The following options: III-ה I-נ I-י III-ה Geminate Imperfect Imperative 2ms 2fs 2mp 2fp תִּבְנֶה בְּנֵה תָּסֹב סֹב תִּבְנִי בְּנִי תָּסֹ֫בִּי סֹ֫בִּי תִּבְנוּ בְּנוּ תָּסֹ֫בּוּ סֹ֫בּוּ תִּבְנֶ֫ינָה בְּנֶ֫ינָה תְּסֻבֶּנָה סֹ֫בְנָה *

תִּפֹּל נְפֹל תִּסַּע סַע תִּפְּלִי נִפְלִי תִּסְעִי סְעִי תִּפְּלוּ
I-נ Type 1 I-נ Type 2 Imperfect Imperative 2ms 2fs 2mp 2fp תִּפֹּל נְפֹל תִּסַּע סַע תִּפְּלִי נִפְלִי תִּסְעִי סְעִי תִּפְּלוּ נִפְלוּ תִּסְעוּ סְעוּ תִּפֹּלְנָה נְפֹלְנָה תִּסַּעְנָה סַ֫עְנָה ְ I-י Type 1 I-י Type 2 Imperfect Imperative 2ms 2fs 2mp 2fp תֵּשֵׁב שֵׁב תִּירַשׁ רַשׁ תֵּשְׁבִי שְׁבִי תִּירְשִׁי רְשִׁי תֵּשְׁבוּ שְׁבוּ תִּירְשׁוּ רְשׁוּ תֵּשַׁבְנָה שֵׁבְנָה תִּירַשְׁנָה רַ֫שְׁנָה *

Biconsonantal verbs קוּם שִׂים Imperfect Imperative 2ms 2fs 2mp 2fp תָּקוּם תָּשִׂים תָּקוּמִי קוּמִי תָּשִׂימִי שִׂימִי תָּקוּמוּ קוּמוּ תָּשִׂימוּ שִׂימוּ תְּקוּמֶינָה קֹמְנָה תְּשִׂימֶינָה ־ *

Irregular or doubly weak verbs See more on p. 216 נָתַן לָקַח Imperfect Imperative 2ms 2fs 2mp 2fp תִּתֵּן תֵּן תִּקַּח קַח תִּתְּנִי תְּנִי תִּקְחִי קְחִי תִּתְּנוּ תְּנוּ תִּקְחוּ קְחוּ תִּתֵּנָּה תֵּנָּה תִּקַּחְנָה קַחְנָה *

Frequently confused forms כָּֽתְבָה Qal pf. 3fs “she wrote” from כָּתַב כָּתְבָה Qal imp. 2ms “(you) write!” from כָּתַב (with ָה ending) כָּתְבוּ Qal pf. 3cp “they wrote” from כָּתַב כִּתְבוּ Qal. imp. 2mp “(you) write” from כָּתַב * בְּנִי Qal imp. 2fs “(you) build” from בָּנָה Masc. sg. nounבֵּן with 1cs pronominal suffix (“my son”)

בָּנוּ Qal. pf. 3cp “they build” from בָּנָה בָּ֫נוּ Preposition בְּ with 1cp pronominal suffix “against us” בְּנוּ Qal imp. 2mp “(you) build!” from בָּנָה עָלוּ Qal pf. 3cp “they went” from עָלָה עֲלוּ Qal imp. “(you) go up” 2mp from עָלָה *

Expresses wish, request, or command Only occurs in 1st person – 1cs. & 1cp. “Let me honor the LORD” “May we worship the LORD” Particle נָאcommonly occurs with cohortative 1) The simple form of cohortative – the same as Impf. 1cs. & 1cp. The position of the verb is the clue to identification When imperfect is the 1st verb in the clause, it is cohortative Unless it is consecutive When imperfect is not 1st in the clause, it is regular imperfect *

Examples of simple cohortative: נַעֲשֶׂה אָדָם בְּצַלְמֵנוּ Let us make humans in our own image (Gen 1:26) אֶעֱבֹר בְּכָֹל־צֹאנְךָ Let me pass through all of your flocks (Gen 30:32) *

2) Cohortative proper – with ָה ending (c. 65% of the time) אֶקְטְלָה “May I kill” Stem vowel reduces to Shewa Examples of cohortative proper אֶשְׁמְרָה תּוֹרָתְךָ May I observe your law (Ps 119:44) נִכְרְתָה בְרִית Let us make a covenant (Gen 26:28) *

Express wish, request, or command Occurs only in 3ms, 3fs, 3mp, 3fp Use key words “let/may” to translate Particle נָאcommonly occurs with jussive The position of the verb is the clue to identification When imperfect is the 1st verb in the clause, it is jussive Unless it is consecutive When imperfect is not 1st in the clause, it is regular imperfect *

Examples jussive: יִזְכֹּר־נָא הַמֶּלֶךְ אֶת־יְהוָה Let the king remember the LORD (2 Sam 14:11) יִסְלַח־נָא יְהוָה לְעַבְדְּךָ May the LORD forgive your servant (2 Kgs 5:18) *

Apocopated (shortened) forms of jussive (c. 23%) Most common in III-ה Jussive forms don’t have -ֶה ending Apocopated endings only in 3ms and 3fs (singular forms) Perfect Imperfect Jussive בָּנָה He built יִבְנֶה He’ll build יִבֶן Let him build עָשָׂה He made יַעֲשֶׂה He’ll make יַעַשׂ Let him make עָלָה He went up יַעֲלֶה He’ll go up יַעַל Let him go up רָאָה He saw יִרְאֶה He’ll rise יֵרֶא Let him see *

Examples of apocopated jussive: וְיִבֶן אֶת־בֵּית יְהוָה And let him build the house of the LORD (Ezra 1:3) יְהִי אוֹר Let there be light (Gen 1:3) Negation of jussive and cohortative Usually negated with אַל  milder prohibition than לֹא +impf. אַל־נָא נֹאבְדָה Do not let us perish (Jon 1:14) *

Practice Workbook p. 135, no: 1-5 p. 141, no: 1-5 p. 149, no: 1-5 Homework: See slide no: 37 *

Pronominal Suffixes on Verbs
3.1 Introduction Pronominal suffixes on nouns and prepositons (ch. 9) Pronominal suffixes also attached to verbs Pronominal suffixes attached to direct object marker שָׁפַט אֹתְךָ יִשְׁמֹר אֹתָ֫נוּ He will keep us He judged you Pronominal suffixes attached to verbs שְׁפָֽטְךָ יִשְׁמְרֵנוּ He will keep us He judged you (Qal. pf. w/ 1cp suffix) (Qal. pf. 3ms w/ 2ms suffix) How to identify - Suffixes in verbs - Identify spelling changes *

Type 1 Type 1 altern. Objective translation 1cs ִי נִי Me 2ms ךָ - you 2fs ךְ 3ms וֹ הוּ him (it) 3fs ָהּ הָ her (it) 1cp נוּ us 2mp כֶם 2fp כֶן 3mp הֶם ם them 3fp הֶן ן 3.2 Pronominal suffixes With verbs, type 1 suffixes generally used Note that the translation has objective meaning (e.g. “me” not “my/mine”) *

3.3 Pronominal suffixes on the Perfect verb Spelling and accents: קָטַל  קְטָל Propretonic reduction (קְ) Pretonic lengthening (טָ) Type 1 (alt.) in 1cs, 3mp, 3fp Spelling changes: Depends on whether pf form ends in consonant or vowel. Qal. pf. 3ms w/ suffixes Translation 1cs קְטָלַ֫נִי He killed me 2ms קְטָֽלְךָ He killed you 2fs קְטָלֵךְ 3ms קְטָלוֹ/קְטָלָ֫הוּ He killed him/it 3fs קְטָלָהּ He killed her/it 1cp קְטָלָ֫נוּ He killed us 2mp קְטָֽלְכֶם 2fp קְטָֽלְכֶן 3mp קְטָלָם He killed them 3fp קְטָלָן *

Qal.pf. w/o suffixes Qalpf. b/f suffixes 3ms קָטַל קְטָל 3fs קָֽטְלָה קְטָלַ֫ת 2ms קָטַלְתָּ קְטַלְתּ֫ 2fs קָטַלְתְּ קְטַלְתִּ֫י 1cs קָטַלְתִּי 3cp קָֽטְלוּ קְטָל֫וּ 2mp קְטַלְתֶּם ־ 2fp קְטַלְתֶּן 2cp קָטַ֫לְנוּ קְטַלְנ֫וּ *

Hebrew verb +suffix  Verb with suffix Translation 3fs (קְטָלַ֫ת) קָֽטְלָה הוּ קְטָלַ֫תְהוּ She/it killed him (אֲכָלַ֫ת) אָֽכְלָה נִי אֲכָלַ֫תְנִי She/it devoured me (מְצָאַת) מָֽצְאָה נוּ מְצָא֫תְנוּ She/it found us 2ms (קְטַלְתּ) קָטַ֫לְתָּ קְטַלְתָּ֫הוּ You killed him (יְדַעְתּ֫) יָדַעְתָּ וֹ יְדַעְתּוֹ You knew him (עֲבַדְתָּ֫) עָבַ֫דְתָּ עֲבַדְתַּ֫נִי You served me *

Hebrew verb +suffix  Verb with suffix Translation 1cs. 2fs.* (קְטַלְתִּ֫י) קָטַ֫לְתִּי ו קְטַלְתִּיו I killed him (נְתַתִּ֫י) נָתַ֫תִּי הָ נְתַתִּיהָ I/She* gave her/it (עֲשִׂיתִ֫י) עָשִׂ֫יתִי ם עֲשִׂיתִם I made them 3cp. (קְטָל֫וּ) קָֽטְלוּ הוּ קְטָל֫וּהוּ They killed him (סְבָבֻ֫) סָבְבוּ נִי סְבָבֻ֫נִי They surrounded me (יְדָע֫וּ) יְדְעוּ יְדָעוּם They knew them *Found only 16x in the HB. (Pratico & van Pelt, ) – so most of the time it is 1cs.

Hebrew verb +suffix  Verb with suffix Translation 1cp. (קְטַלְנ֫וּ) קָטַ֫לְנוּ הוּ קְטַלְנ֫וּהוּ We killed him (דְרַשְׁנֻ֫) דָּרַ֫שְׁנוּ דְרַשְׁנֻ֫הוּ We sought him (יְדַעֲנ֫וּ) יָדַ֫עְנוּ ם יְדַעֲנוּם We knew them 3ms. III-ה Drops ה b/f prom. suffix רָאָה רָאָהוּ He saw him *

Other changes in the spelling on perfect suffixes 1) Spelling changes on suffixes based Suffix added to a perfect form ending in consonant (3ms, 3fs, 2ms) Suffix added to a perfect ending in vowel (all others) E.g. קְטַלְתִּ֫יהָ(I killed her) – compare the usual suffix (3fs. ָהּ) 2) Connecting vowels added to certain forms (b/w verb and suffix) E.g. שְׁלָחֵךְ (He sent you, 2fs) with Tsere as connecting vowel *

3.4 Pronominal Suffixes with Imperfect Use Type 1 suffixes (like in Perfect) – minor changes Additional suffix forms – nun-suffixes in 2ms, 3ms, 3fs  Nun as the distinguishing factor לָכַד Capture, seize Type 1 suffix Nun-suffix Example Translation 2ms ךָ ֶךָּ יִלְכְּדֶ֫ךָּ He will capture you 3ms הוּ/וֹ ֶנּוּ יִלְכְּדֶ֫נּוּ He will capture him 3fs הָ/ָהּ ֶנָּה יִלְכְּדֶ֫נָּה He will capture her Nun assimilated  Daghesh Forte *

Qal. impf. w/o suffix Qal. impf. b/f suffix 3ms יִקְטֹל יִקְטְל 3fs תִּקְטֹל תִּקְטְל 2ms תִּקְטֹל 2fs תִּקְטְלִי 1cs אֶקְטֹל אֶקְטְל 3mp יִקְטְלוּ 3fp תִּקְטֹלנָה ־ 2mp תִּקְטְלוּ 2fp 1cp נִקְטֹל נִקְטְל Spelling of the imperfect sufformative is unchanged in every form Few impf. forms have sufformative One change  reduction of the stem vowel from holem to shewa *

Hebrew verb +suffix  Verb with suffix Translation 3ms 1cp יִקְטֹל הוּ יִקְטְלֵ֫הוּ He will kill him יִקְטְלוּ נוּ יִקְטְלוּנוּ They will kill us וַיִּקְבְּרוּ וַיּקְבְּרֻהוּ And they buried him 2ms יִשְׁמֹר ךָ יִשְׁמָרְךָ *He will observe you יִקְטָלְךָ He will kill you יִשְׁלַח יִשְׁלָחֲךָ **He will send you יִשְׁמַע יִשְׁמָעֲךָ He will hear you *In 2ms Holem is shortened to Qamets Hatuf. **If the verb has patchah stem vowel, patchah is not reduced but lengthened to Qamets before 2ms suffix.

Connecting vowel in forms that end in consonant E.g. יִקְטְלֵ֫הוּ (Tsere) and יִשְׁמְרֶ֫הָ (Seghol) If form ends in vowel no connecting vowel needed E.g. in יִקְטְלוּנוּ and יִשְׁמְרוּם In imperfect of III-ה , forms that end in ֶה drop this ending before pronominal suffixes. E.g. יִרְאֶ֫נָּה ֶנָּה יִרְאֶה (he will see her) *

Frequently occurring impf. forms w/ pronominal suffixes that are difficult to identify: נָתַן (to give); לָקַח (to take); שִׂים (to put, place) Hebrew verb +suffix  Verb with suffix Translation 3mp. 3fs. 2ms. וַיִּתֵּן ם וַיִּתְּנֵם And he gave them וַיִּקַח הָ וַיִקָּחֶ֫הָ And he took her/it יָשִׂים ךָ יְשִׂימְךָ He will place you *

3.5 Pronominal suffixes on the imperative Suffixes same as those with imperfect Only minor spelling changes occur Qal. imp.2ms קְטֹל is spelled קָטְל b/f suffix (vowel is Qamets Hatuf) *

Hebrew verb +suffix  Verb with suffix Translation 3mp 1cs שְׁמֹר ם שָׁמְרֵם (You) observe them שְׁפֹט נִי שָׁפְטֵנִי (You) judge me תִּפְשׂוּ תִּפְשׂוּם (You) seize* them 3fs דִּרְשׁוּ דִּרְשׁוּנִי (You) seek me שְׁמַע שְׁמָעֵנִי (You) hear me גְּאַל ָהּ גְּאָלָהּ (You) redeem her Connecting vowel in forms that end in consonant E.g. *תָּפַשׂ – seize, capture Parsing יִלְכְּדֶ֫נּוּ Qal impf. 3ms לָכַד w/ 3ms suffix He will capture him

Practice Workbook p. 157, no: 1-5 Homework Workbook: “Bible Translation”, p. 137, no: 1; p. 143, no: 1; p. 152, no: 1; p. 160, no: 1-2. Quizz III on vocabularies, chs (18.17 [p. 222] & [p. 233]) *Photo:

LAN 405 Beginning Hebrew II

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