Ancient Rome

Vocabulary Terms- Ancient Rome 1.Define the following terms: republic, patricians, consuls, dictator, plebeians, tribunes, veto, legion, imperialism, latifudia, census, satirize, mosaic, engineering, aqueducts, messiah, clergy, bishop, patriarch, popes, heresies, inflation, mercenaries 2.Locate and identify on a map - Rome, Carthage, Alps, Rhine River, Tiber River, Po River, Danube River, Rubicon River, Adriatic Sea, Tyrrhenian Sea, Ionian Sea, Sardinia, Corsica, and Sicily

Map of the Mediterranean Region

3.Be able to identify and discuss the following people, events, places, and ideas: Etruscans, Latins, Carthage, Punic Wars, Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus, Julius Caesar, Augustus, Hadrian, Pax Romana, Virgil and the Aeneid, Ptolemy, Jesus of Nazareth, apostles, Paul, Augustine, Diocletian, Constantine, Constantinople, Huns, Germanic tribes (Visigoths, Ostrogoths)

Seven Hills of Rome

Ancient Rome Geography ▫Advantages: Origins of the Roman people and their influences on Roman society and culture ▫Latins ▫Greeks ▫Etruscans

The Etruscans

Toga- Etruscans

Emblem of the Spanish Civil Guard

Fasces

Roman Society Patricians (from the Latin patres, or “father”) Plebeians (Latin for “multitude”) women, children, and slaves ? Roman society was patriarchal.

Roman Virtus 1.pietas 2.fides 3.gravitas 4.dignitas 5.constantia These virtues were taught to young Romans. These virtues were taught to young Romans.

Chronology ▫The Legendary Founding of Rome is 753 B.C. ▫Period of Monarchy 753 B.C B.C. ▫Period of the Republic 509 B.C. – c. 27 B.C. ▫Imperial Period c. 27 B.C A.D.

Romulus and Remus

Romulus and Remus (2m50s)

Period of the Roman Republic (c B.C.) The Roman Republic ▫In 509 B.C., the Romans overthrew the last Etruscan king and established a republic. ▫republic (res publica) ▫How does a democracy differ from a republic? ▫Composition: ▫Senate (300 patricians) ▫Consuls (2 with limited terms and the power to veto) ▫Plebeians? ▫dictators? Cincinnatus

Political Rights for the Plebeians What was the difference between patricians and plebeians? Why were the plebeians important to Rome? 471 B.C., the Council of Plebs was created tribunes 287 B.C., the Council of Plebs could pass laws that applied to all Romans Plebeians and the Law? 450 B.C., Twelve Tables (written code of laws)

Rome’s Early Expansion Rome’s Early Expansion By 338 B.C., Rome subdued all of the Latin states in its surrounding area. The Greeks in southern Italy were defeated, and the Romans acquired virtually all of Italy by 264 B.C.

Why was Rome successful? Rome’s early success was a credit to its diplomacy and efficient and effective military The Roman Confederation ▫some conquered peoples were given full citizenship; most became allies ▫allies administered their own affairs but provided tribute and soldiers to Rome ▫Loyal allies could become Roman citizens

Further Expansion- The Punic Wars

Punic Wars The Punic Wars were a series of conflicts between Carthage and Rome over control of trade in the Mediterranean Sea. First Punic War ( B.C.) Roman army sent to Sicily Carthage (Punicus) Development of the Roman navy Victory for the Romans Carthage vowed revenge

Rome vs. Carthage

Second Punic War ( B.C.) Carthaginian general- Hannibal Attacked Rome by land by crossing the Alps  46,000 men  37 battle elephants  Horses Battle at Cannae (216 B.C.)- Roman defeat By 206 B.C. Carthaginians removed from Spain Rome’s attack on Carthage (Publius Scipio) Battle of Zama (202 B.C.)- Roman victory

Third Punic War (146 B.C.) Rome called for the destruction of CarthageRome called for the destruction of Carthage Carthage burnedCarthage burned Carthaginians sold into slaveryCarthaginians sold into slavery Rome dominant in the Mediterranean SeaRome dominant in the Mediterranean Sea

The Punic Wars (2m54s)

▫ While Rome was engaged in the Punic Wars it also expanded eastward  Eastern Mediterranean ( B.C.)  Mare Nostrum (Latin for “our sea”)  Rapid territorial expansion created political, social, and economic problems in the Roman Republic

Crisis in the Roman Republic Exploiting the Roman Provinces ▫ Non-Italian, conquered territories became provinces and were required to pay tribute to Rome and accept Roman authority ▫ proconsuls, bribery, and graft (corruption) ▫ provincial rebellion and the permanent placement of soldiers in many provinces = $$$

Latifundia Latifundia were large, agricultural estates created from conquered territory (provinces). Wealthy patricians operated the latifundia. Cheap Land (conquered territory) Cheap Labor (slaves) Cheap Grain Who suffered as a result of the Latifundia? Who made up the backbone of the Roman army? Where did Romans that had been dispossessed of their land go?

Reformers and Generals ▫ Reform Attempts ▫ The Gracchi Brothers (133 B.C B.C.)  Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus  Reform-minded aristocrats; the senate had them killed ▫ Politics and the Military- Shift in Loyalty ▫ General Gaius Marius (elected consul 107 B.C.)  Marius gave army jobs to Rome’s poor and promised them land  Formation of a professional army loyal to their general ▫ General Lucius Cornelius Sulla (seized Rome in 82 B.C.)  Civil War (82 B.C.-31 B.C.)  Sulla seized power militarily

The Collapse of the Republic Civil War (82-31 B.C.) The First Triumvirate ▫ Pompey, Crassus, and Julius Caesar (60 B.C.) ▫ Crassus was killed (53 B.C.) and the Senate selected Pompey to rule Rome ▫ J. Caesar refused to give up his military command when the senate demanded it ▫ Instead, Caesar used his army to defeat Pompey in battle and seize power in Rome ▫ Became dictator in 47 B.C. ▫ Instituted programs to benefit the poor ▫ Increased the size of the senate ▫ A group of senators assassinated him in 44 B.C.

The Second Triumvirate formed after Caesar’s death Octavian (Caesar’s adopted son), Marc Antony, and Lepidus In 31 B.C., Octavian defeated Antony at the Battle of Actium, thus began the Age of Augustus The Roman senate gave Octavian the title of Augustus, “the revered one”

The Roman Empire Augustus Caesar-The Age of Augustus 27 B.C.- 14 A.D. ▫Augustus’ standing army ▫Battles with the Germania ▫Pax Romana, “Roman Peace” Nero The Early Empire 14 A.D A.D. Augustus’ successors- Tiberius, Caligula, Claudius, and Nero The Soldier Emperors, the so-called “Good Emperors”: Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Antoninus Pius, and Marcus Aurelius commercial expansion, massive engineering feats, and more conquests Death of Marcus Aurelius in 180 A.D., end of the Pax Romana Marcus Aurelius

Rome and Religion The traditional Roman religion Jupiter, Juno, Minerva, and Mars- based on the Greek gods Emperors considered to be gods Romans believed that their success at empire building meant the gods favored them The Romans were tolerant of other religions provided that all recognize the Roman state religion also. Problem? Judaism is the Roman Empire In the first century B.C., Judea became a Roman province Judaism and monotheism (Rome made an exception) high taxes and corruption Zealots/rebellion against Rome in 66 A.D. Destruction of the Jewish temple in Jerusalem in 70 A.D. Diaspora

Christianity from Judaism Jesus of Nazareth (c.4 B.C.-29 A.D.)  Jewish teachings  The Disciples  The New Testament and the Gospels  Saul of Tarsus (Paul) The Rise of Christianity Reasons for Christianity’s growth: 1. More personal than the Roman religions and offered eternal life and salvation (popularity of eastern mystery cults) 2. Offered immortality through the sacrificial death of a savior-god 3. Fulfilled the human need to belong Christianity prospered in the fourth century A.D. Constantine became the first Christian emperor of Rome Edict of Milan (313 A.D.) Christianity tolerated in the empire Under Theodosius (395 A.D.), Christianity became the state religion of Rome [*A.D. means anno Domini, “the year of our lord”]

The Growth of Christianity

Christianity John Green’s Crash Course (11m37s)

The Decline of the Empire Political instability following the death of Marcus Aurelius in 180 A.D A.D. the army installed 28 emperors; most of them were killed Other Significant Problems : foreign invasion (Germanic tribes and Persians) disease civil war economic problems * Rome began to hire Germanic warriors to serve as auxiliary troops in the army.

Reform Efforts Diocletian ( A.D.) Enlarged the army Divided the empire into two administrative sections Administering the vast territories of the empire had drained Rome’s treasury Strict price and wage controls for the empire  Edict of Prices- wages were set and so was the maximum prices for goods  Farmers who rented were bound to the land for life

Constantine ( A.D.) ▫Economic policies ▫Established a new capital at Byzantium (330 A.D.) ▫Byzantium, renamed Constantinople, became the center of the Roman Empire in the East (The Byzantine empire) ▫After Constantine’s rule, Rome had two capitals, Rome in the west and Constantinople in the east. ** Constantine was the first Roman emperor to accept Christianity

Theodosius the Great (r A.D.)  395 A.D.- Divided the Roman empire into two separate empire.  Byzantine Empire (Eastern Roman Empire)  Greek, commercial, Orthodox Christianity  Roman Empire (Western Roman Empire)  Latin, agricultural, Catholic Christianity

The Fall of the Roman Empire The Barbarian Invasions Germanic tribes- Visigoths, Ostrogoths, Vandals, Franks, Angles, Saxon Why did they invade Rome? ▫Warmer climates and better land ▫Many wanted a share of Rome’s wealth ▫The migration of the Asiatic Huns forced the Germanic tribes to press into the empire Peter Heather, The Fall of the Roman Empire: A New History of Rome and the Barbarians (2006)  Visigoths defeated a Roman army at Adrianople in 378 A.D.  410 A.D. the Visigoths sacked Rome  455 A.D. the Vandals attacked Rome  476 A.D. the last emperor of the western Roman empire, Romulus Augustulus, was deposed

The Huns

Rome’s Fall in West The eastern Roman empire, the Byzantine Empire, continued to flourish for 1000 years until the fifteenth century A.D. The western Roman empire no longer existed as a political entity. Instead, it was dismantled and became a region of numerous German kingdoms. The medieval society that followed the fall of Rome blended elements of Roman society (law, Latin, Church) with those of the Germanic societies (leadership, customs)