© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 3: Migration The Cultural Landscape: An Introduction to Human Geography

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Migration A type of mobility –Migration is a permanent move to a new location –Migration = relocation diffusion Emigration – migration from a location Immigration – migration to a location

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Why Do People Migrate? Reasons for migration –Most people migrate for economic reasons –Push and pull factors Economic: people move away from places with poor economic opportunities and toward places with better ones Cultural factors –Forced migration (e.g., slavery, refugees) –Political factors Environmental factors –E.g., Katrina, or Arizona/Florida

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Refugees: Sources and Destinations Figure 3-2

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Why Do People Migrate? Reasons for migration –Push and pull factors Intervening obstacles –Historically, intervening obstacles = environmental –Transportation technology = limited environmental intervening obstacles

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Why Do People Migrate? Distance of migration –Internal migration Two types: –Interregional migration = movement from one region to another –Intraregional migration = movement within a region

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Why Do People Migrate? Distance of migration –International migration Two types: –Voluntary –Forced Migration transition –International migration is most common in countries that are in stage 2 of the demographic transition

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Global Migration Patterns Figure 3-5

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Why Do People Migrate? Characteristics of migrants –Most long-distance migrants are Male Adults Individuals –Families with children = less common

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Why Do People Migrate? Characteristics of migrants –Gender Traditionally, males outnumbered females In the United States today, 55 percent of immigrants = female –Family status In the United States today, about 40 percent of immigrants = young adults, aged 25–39

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Where Are Migrants Distributed? Global migration patterns –Net out-migration: Asia, Africa, and Latin America –Net in-migration: North America, Europe, and Oceania The United States has the largest foreign-born population

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Quick Review What is the difference between emigration and immigration? What the three major types of push/pull factors? Of those three, which one is the reason most people migrate? Name the two types of migration. What are the two types (or ways) people internationally migrate? Can you think of any current examples? Most long-term migrants were ….(characteristics)? Why? How has that changed since the 1990’s? Why?

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Net Migration by Country Figure 3-7

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Where Are Migrants Distributed – Key Issue #2 U.S. migration patterns –Three main eras of migration Colonial migration from England and Africa Nineteenth-century immigration from Europe Recent immigration from LDCs

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Migration to the United States Figure 3-8

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Impact of immigration on the United States –Legacy of European migration Europe’s demographic transition –Stage 2 growth pushed Europeans out »65 million Europeans emigrate Diffusion of European culture

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Impact of immigration on the United States –Undocumented immigrant – immigrants without proper documentation –Unauthorized immigration 2008 = estimated 11.9 million unauthorized/ undocumented immigrants –About 5.4 percent of the U.S. civilian labor force –Around 59 percent are undocumented immigrants from Mexico

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Impact of immigration on the United States –Destinations California = one-fifth of all immigrants and one- fourth of undocumented immigrants New York = one-sixth of all immigrants –Chain migration – migration of people to a specific location, due to family, friends, or members of the same nationality.

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Why Do Migrants Face Obstacles? – Key Issue #3 Quota - Immigration policies of host countries –U.S. quota laws The Quota Act (1921) The National Origins Act (1924) –Temporary migration for work Guest workers – citizens of poor countries who obtain jobs in Western Europe and the Middle East Time-contract workers

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Brain Drain – large-scale emigration by talented people. Some say the U.S. and Europe contribute to this issue Distinguishing economic migrants from refugees –Emigrants from Cuba –Emigrants from Haiti –Emigrants from Vietnam

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Cultural problems faced while living in host countries –U.S. attitudes towards immigrants –Attitudes toward guest workers

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Where are most people emigrating from? Where are most people immigrating to? Which country has the largest foreign-born population? Why do you think that is? Review Questions over Key Issue #2 and #3

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Why Do People Migrate Within a Country? – Key Issue #4 Migration between regions of a country –U.S. settlement patterns Colonial settlement Early settlement in the interior (early 1800s) California –Gold Rush in the 1840s Great Plains settlement Recent growth of the South

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Changing Center of the U.S. Population Figure 3-16

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. U.S. Interregional Migration Figure 3-17

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Why Do People Migrate Within a Country? Migration between regions of other countries –Russia Komsomol –Government incentives in Brazil and Indonesia –Economic migration within European countries –Restricted migration in India

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Migration in Europe Figure 3-20

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Why Do People Migrate Within a Country? Intraregional migration in the United States –Migration from rural to urban areas Primary reason = economic migration –Migration from urban to suburban areas Primary reason = suburban lifestyle –Migration from urban to rural areas Counterurbanization

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Intraregional Migration in the United States Figure 3-21

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. The End. Up next: Folk and Popular Culture