Human Geography Chapter 5

Studying Populations -Demography -Statistical study of human populations -Population Density – an average -Expressed as persons/mi² or persons/km² -As an average, it does not reflect where populations are clustered

Studying Populations -Population Distribution – where people are clustered, settled -- About 90% in Northern Hemisphere --Four areas of great population clusters ---East Asia ---South Asia ---Europe ---Eastern North America

4 World’s Great Population Clusters

Studying Populations -Population Distribution, cont. --Favorable – mild climates, fertile soils, fresh water --Unfavorable – deserts, rugged mountains, polar regions

Studying Populations -Population Change -- Birthrate: Births/1000 people -- Death rate: Deaths/1000 people -- Migration --- Emigration/Immigration ---- Push/Pull Factors ----Economic motivation #1 reason --- Refugees - ---Flee political unrest and war

Studying Populations -Natural Increase -- Birthrate – Death rate; expressed as a percentage, e.g. 3% increase -- Rule of Developed v. Developing countries ---- <1% v. 3% or more

World Population Trends A. D mil mil bil billion billion 2000 – 6 billion

Demographic Transition Stage 1Stage 2Stage per 1000/ year Death rate Birthrate

World Population Trends -Population Projections -The farther onto the future a projection is made, the less reliable it is.

Cultural Geography -Studying Culture -- Culture Traits – activities and behaviors (shaped by values) -- Culture Regions – area in which people have many shared culture traits --- ethnic group – human population with shared culture or ancestry --- Intl. borders sometimes divide culture groups --- Culture groups may include several countries

Culture Language Religion Values Ethics Level of Technology

Culture Change -Migration, war, and trade -Acculturation -Individual or group adopts some traits of another culture --- Immigrants -Assimilation -Immigrant group adopts all features of dominant culture

Culture Change -Innovation – New ideas that a culture accepts (home-grown) -Diffusion – Idea or innovation spreads -- Expansion – innovation spreads within culture -- Relocation – migration takes/brings new idea to new culture -- Hierarchical – from greater size/influence to lesser

Culture Change -Globalization -Picture on p.97 -OPTIC

Globalization v. Traditionalism -Globalization – The process in which connections around the world increase and cultures become more alike -Most globalized cultural traits have their origins in the United States

Globalization v. Traditionalism -Traditionalism – Following longtime practices and opposing many modern technologies and ideas -Contributes to cultural divergence -Increasing religious fundamentalism is reaction to globalization (radical Islam, Hinduism, etc.)

Geography and History -Using the text on p. 99, answer the following writing prompt: To what extent is geography and history interrelated?

Language -Main means of communication -Generations pass on skills, customs, traditions, rituals, celebrations -Cultural diffusion -- accelerated within language -- acts as barrier to outside culture -Spatial characteristics -English: lingua franca of global commerce

Religion -Binds societies together and gives meaning to life -Three main types -- Ethnic --- Japan: Shinto --- Judaism -- Animist – Usually polytheistic - -- Usually practiced by tribal or “primitive” peoples

Religion -Three main types, cont. - Universalizing – Usually monotheistic --- Christianity, Islam --- spread by missionaries --- ultimate goal – world domination

Religion -Mapping the diffusion of Buddhism -Using the text at the top of p. 106 to map the spread of Buddhism throughout Eastern and Southeastern Asia