Chapter 20

No interest in interfering with slavery where it already existed Sought to see laws of Union executed in all states Would use no force against the South except to hold, occupy, or possess property & places belonging to US Constitutional goal to establish “more perfect union” was perpetual & could not be undone except by all parties involved No objection to Corwin Amendment Constitution does not expressly say what can/cannot be done with slavery in territories Mail will continue

“ In your hands, my dissatisfied fellow-countrymen, and not in mine, is the momentous issue of civil war. The Government will not assail you. You can have no conflict without being yourselves the aggressors. You have no oath registered in heaven to destroy the Government, while I shall have the most solemn one to "preserve, protect, and defend it." 34 “ In your hands, my dissatisfied fellow-countrymen, and not in mine, is the momentous issue of civil war. The Government will not assail you. You can have no conflict without being yourselves the aggressors… “I am loath to close. We are not enemies, but friends. We must not be enemies. Though passion may have strained it must not break our bonds of affection. The mystic chords of memory, stretching from every battlefield and patriot grave to every living heart and hearthstone all over this broad land, will yet swell the chorus of the Union, when again touched, as surely they will be, by the better angels of our nature.” Lincoln

“The contest is really for empire on the side of the North and for independence on that of the South, and in this respect we recognize an exact analogy between the North and the Government of King George III, and the South the Thirteen Revolted Provinces.”

GRAY/CSA Confederate States of AmericaConfederate States of America President Jefferson DavisPresident Jefferson Davis Capital: Richmond, VACapital: Richmond, VA Rebs------Rebels---”Johnny Rebs”Rebs------Rebels---”Johnny Rebs” Secessh SeccessionSecessh Seccession GraycoatsGraycoats Yellow belliesYellow bellies BLUE/USA United States of America or UnionUnited States of America or Union President Abraham LincolnPresident Abraham Lincoln Capital: Washington, D.C.Capital: Washington, D.C. Feds-----FederalFeds-----Federal Yanks-----YankeesYanks-----Yankees BluebelliesBluebellies Blue coatsBlue coats

Fort Sumter As seceding states left the Union, they seized US arsenals, forts, mints, & public property within their borders. 2 significant forts in the South remained: Fort Sumter in Charleston Harbor –most important. held fewer than 100 US troops commanded by Maj. Robert Anderson running out of provisions Lincoln sent an expedition to provision the fort- not reinforce it April 12, cannon from the shoreline of Charleston bombarded the fort – 34 hours– no deaths—US garrison surrendered.

Effects of Sumter provoked the North= unified many in the North Lincoln issued a call for 75,000 volunteers Lincoln declared a blockade of Southern ports= not very effective call for troops roused the South= Virginia, Arkansas, & Tenn. seceded– later NC ALSO (11 SECEDING STATES) Richmond, VA== new Confederate capital.

Western Theater Eastern Theater

Why Lincoln WANTS TO hold the Border States Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland, Delaware, & West Virginia all slave states all contained a white population more than half of the entire confederacy. Maryland, Kentucky, Missouri= almost double manufacturing capacity of the South & almost double supply of horses & mules. Kentucky (strategically important)- Ohio River (fed by Cumberland & Tenn. Rivers) penetrated deep into area of Confederacy rich in grain, gunpowder & iron.

How Lincoln held onto the Border states 1. Maryland : Lincoln declared martial law & sent troops in (Maryland could cut Washington off from the North) 2. Western Virginia & Missouri : Lincoln deployed troops Declared openly that it was not a war to free blacks because he did not want to push border states into the Confederacy. Southern Ohio (Butternut region), Indiana, & Ill. Settled mainly by southerners = pro-southern Lincoln declared his main purpose was to save the Union. **Lincoln suspended the right of habeas corpus in various border states War in the West The Five Civilized Tribes : supported the Confederacy Confederacy agreed to take over federal payments to the tribes & NA delegates invited to attend Confederate Congress= Indians provided troops to Confederacy

 22 states  23,000,000 population  Industrial economy  Majority of transportation  Lincoln, a military novice. Asks Robert E. Lee to command Union troops and declines  Belief war is about slavery and preserving the Union.  11 states  10,000,000 includes 4 million slaves  Agricultural economy Exports, not food  Limited manufacturing and railroad lines.  Davis, military experience. Better military leaders  Belief war is about states rights, independence and preserving their war of life. “The North’s major advantage would be its economy and the South’s main disadvantage was its economy”

Advantages for The South 1. Could fight defensively behind interior lines 2. Morale= defending homeland from invasion 3. Most talented military officers (Robert E. Lee, Thomas J. Jackson “Stonewall”). 4. More ready fighting force- Southerners bred to fight (“rebel yell”). Disadvantages faced shortages of factories- seized federal forts & supplies, ironworks etc.= managed sufficient weaponry later- had shortages of shoes, uniforms, blankets faced supply problems due to inadequate transportation Population- 9 MILLION Biggest weakness- economy

Advantages for the North The North could grow its own crops & had a large manufacturing base 1. ¾ of the nation’s wealth 2. ¾ of the nation’s 30 miles of Railroads 3. controlled the sea- superior navy sea power enabled the North to trade grain for ammunition & supplies from Europe 4. More man power- 22 million (Fed by steady supply of immigrants).- 1/5 of Union soldier= foreign-born. Disadvantages - soldiers less prepared; weak higher commanders

Based on %

King Cotton Dethroned Revolutions generally succeed with foreign intervention The South held out hope of foreign intervention (Europe’s ruling classes supported the Confederacy) Europe’s working classes were mostly supporting the North the evils of slavery kept the ruling powers out Why did British textile mill’s dependence on Southern cotton not bring Europe into the war? over supply of cotton from Americans sent food etc. to alleviate economic crisis Union army confiscated cotton as it marched & sent it to Europe Confederates ran the blockades Egypt & India supplied more cotton needs Booming war industries relived unemployment McCormick Reaper enabled North to send huge grain supplies to Britain.

Lincoln & Diplomacy Lincoln’s use of diplomacy helped prevent foreign intervention. 1. The Trent Incident (late 1861) US warship stopped a British steamer north of Cuba; & forcibly removed 2 Confederate diplomats= angered Britain= Lincoln freed the diplomats. 2.British were building Confederate commerce-raiders ( the Alabama ); Confederate commanders & British crew. Captured over 60 vessels= angered the North Charles Francis Adams (US diplomat)- got Britain to acknowledge that this should stop. Alabama was destroyed off coast of France 1864 Confederate commerce-raiders (built in Britain) captured over 250 Union ships 3. The Laird Rams- 2 Confederate warships being constructed in Britain (1863)= US protested & warned of war= Britain bought the two rams & added to Royal Navy 4. Anger at France & Canada

Laird Brothers Shipyard; England Laird Ship Iron – Clad ship whose purpose was to Ram enemy ships.

Jefferson Davis 1. Confederate Constitution- had flaws; could not forbid states from leaving (secession) Confederacy. Davis wanted a more centralized government & states rights advocates disagreed 2. Good Administrator; not popular with many Lincoln 1. Advantage of long established government 2. Financially stable government 3. Tactful, patient, firm

Born in Kentucky Self-educated Congressmen from Illinois Abolitionist First Presidential candidate for the Republican Party Minority president Born in Kentucky Self-educated Congressmen from Illinois Abolitionist First Presidential candidate for the Republican Party Minority president Born in Kentucky Served as Secretary of War Senator from Mississippi Slaveowner Served as Secretary of State First and only President of the CSA Born in Kentucky Served as Secretary of War Senator from Mississippi Slaveowner Served as Secretary of State First and only President of the CSA

Confederate States of America United States Constitution. When the Confederate States of America was formed, its founders wrote a constitution similar to the United States Constitution. Its differences, however, indicate how the South Wanted to change their structure of government.

MAIN DIFFERENCES: State’s rights Tariffs are equal throughout the CSA Slavery is legal and is allowed to expand!

Lincoln used & expanded executive power during the war (use of “Arbitrary Power”) 1. Lincoln enacted a blockade (while Congress was out of session), increased the size of the army- later supported by Supreme Court or Congress 2. Advanced $2 million to 3 private citizens for military purposes (Art. I, Sec. IX, paragraph 7) 3. Suspended habeas corpus rights in areas to arrest Anti-Union citizens (SC said only Congress could do this according to Constitution) “Supervised voting” in Border states, suspension of freedom of press

civil liberties  Suspended “ civil liberties ” or parts of the Constitution writ of habeas corpus: Protects from unfair arrest and trial by jury. Occupation of Baltimore: Controlled by military-- -- “ martial law ” Arrested over 15,000 civilians: Without “ probable cause ” ---suspicious “ Rebel ” sympathizers. Closed “ rebel ” newspapers: Violated 1 st amendment rights of “ free speech and press ”.  First Income Tax  Greenbacks 1 st paper money

The Armies of the North At first manned solely by volunteers (provided by each state based on quota) (90%) Draft – Congress passed 1 st nationwide draft The rich could hire substitutes or purchase exemptions for $300.= unfair to poor boys Draft Riots- in the North; NYC the poor Irish immigrants rioted and attacked innocent blacks. Why?- anger that the rich could hire substitutes. Enlistment Bounties- money offered by federal, state, & local government to enlist= “bounty brokers”= “bounty jumpers” Union army recorded 200,000 deserters

At first relied mainly on volunteers South less populated had to resort to drafts etc. more quickly than the North The Confederate draft Wealthy could hire a substitute or purchase exemption Slave owners or overseers could be exempt if they owned 20 or more slaves (wealthy) “rich man’s war but a poor man’s fight”- criticism Draft agents stayed out of mountain areas

The North Had most of the wealth= handle economic stress best Revenue Excise taxes (tobacco & alcohol) increased by Congress Income Tax- (for the 1 st time) Tariffs – helped the North; (Morrill Tariff 1861)- raised tariffs 5% to 10%= continued to rise during the war. (protective tariff identified with Republican Party) Greenbacks-issued $450 million- not supported by gold = value fluctuated. Borrowing- sale of bonds through Jay Cooke & Co. National Banking System (1863)- standard bank note issue; banks could join & issue national notes & buy government bonds.

1. New Factories- fostered by protective tariffs Manufacturers & business people become wealthy 1 st American millionaires emerge Graft was rampant in the north- “age of shoddy” 2. New machinery= Economic expansion Sewing machine= military clothing= standard sizes for clothing for civilians Mechanical reapers= allow farm boys to fight=produced food for troops= sold excess to Europe= bought ammunition/arms 3. Petroleum- (1859- petroleum find in Penn.) – 4. Homestead Act ,000 migrate west ** only Northern industry to suffer= ocean trade

Union Blockade prevented South from collecting tariff duties & hurt import/export 1860 = 30% of nations wealth 1870= 12% nations wealth 1. Confederate Bonds- sold at home & overseas ($400 million) 2. Increased taxes & taxed farm produce (Southerners opposed to tax hikes (1% of income raised this way) 3. Confederate money- over printing = inflation (9,000% inflation); Confederate dollar worth 1.6 cents at end of war. Southern income levels 2/5 that of Northerners for a century after the war Manufactured items scarce during the war

1. Opened new opportunities for women Took jobs vacated by men (clerical, industrial employment (1 in 4 before the war; 1 in 3 during) 2. Unconventional 400 posed as males & followed husbands to war. Spies- 3. Medicine- Dr. Elizabeth Blackwell- 1 st female physician organized US Sanitary Commission (trained nurses, etc.) Clara Barton (Red Cross)& Dorothea Dix- turned nursing into female occupation 4. Misc. – women North & South helped with war effort. Raised money for relief for widows, orphans, disabled soldiers

Dr. Elizabeth Blackwell: 1 st woman to receive a medical degree from an American university Clara Barton: “Angel of the Battle Field”; later founder of the Red Cross in the United States Supporter of woman suffrage Supporter of civil rights for blacks

Dorothea Dix : Superintendent of Army Nurses for Union Army Got the position over Dr. Elizabeth Blackwell She and her nurses provided aid to soldiers of both armies during the war.