The Later Middle Ages Chapter 18

Section One: Popes and Kings 1. Define excommunicate To cast out from the church 2. How did the pope get power and what power did he have? People gave the popes power because they felt the popes were God’s representative on earth He decided when someone was acting against the church He could excommunicate people Political leaders

3. Where did the three most powerful kings rule? France England Holy Roman Empire 4. How were the kings of the Holy Roman Empire different from the other kings? They didn’t inherit the land (like in France and England) they were elected by the empire’s nobles

5. What was the disagreement in Europe over the power of the pope? The Eastern half of Europe had bishops that didn’t think the pope had power over them The Pope in Rome wanted to prove them wrong They split and the Eastern half became Orthodox Christians and the Western half became known as Roman Catholics with the pope as the leader 6. What was the problem between Pope Gregory VII and Emperor Henry IV? They both wanted to chose the bishops and disagreed on who had the power to do so Gregory excommunicated Henry and told the nobles to rise up against Henry Henry begged forgiveness and earned it after three days of standing in the snow This proved the pope had more power than the emperor

Section Two: The Crusades 7. Define crusades A long series of wars between Christians and Muslims in Southwest Asia 8. Define Holy Land This is what the Europeans call Palestine because it was the region where Jesus had lived, preached and died

9. What caused the crusades? Muslims controlled Jerusalem and a group of Turkish Muslims attacked a group of Christians visiting there The Turks began raiding the Byzantine Empire and they asked Pope Urban II for help 10. Why did people want to fight in the crusades? People hoped to save their souls or to do what they thought God wanted Some wanted land and treasure Some just wanted adventure in their lives

11. Describe the First Crusade In 1096 about 5,000 Crusaders left Europe Many Crusaders were peasants and attacked Jews on their way to the Holy Land because they blamed the Jews for Jesus’s death In 1099 they reached the Holy Land and beat the Muslims, took Jerusalem and set up towns there 12. Describe the Second and Third Crusades French and German kings set off for the Holy Lands in 1147 because the Muslims were taking over Jerusalem again They lost the second one and set out for the third in 1189, the King of England Richard I against the Muslim leader Saladin. Both leaders were brave and even kind, however the Muslims won and kept Jerusalem

13. Describe the Fourth Crusade In 1201 the knights promised the people of Venice to bring back treasures to pay for their voyage to the Holy Land. The knights also sacked Constantinople and brought back many treasures for Venice 14. Why did the crusades end? The crusades had to travel huge distances just to reach the war, many died on the way Crusaders weren’t prepared to fight in Palestine’s desert climate The Christians were outnumbered by their well-led and organized Muslims foes Christians leaders fought among themselves and planned poorly

15. How did the crusades change Europe? Trade between Europe and Asia increased Kings became more powerful Tensions between Christians, Jews and Muslims grew 16. Define clergy Church officials

Section Three: Christianity and Medieval Europe 17. How did the Christian church shape society? They were where markets, festivals and religious ceremonies took place Encouraged people to go on pilgrimages to Rome, Jerusalem, Canterbury and Compostela 18. What was the Christian church’s role in politics? It was a large landowners and became feudal lords Advised local rulers

19. Who were the Monks of Cluny? French monks that were unhappy with the church Started a monastery in the early 900’s Followed a strict schedule of prayers and religious services Created the religious order 20. Define religious order A group of people who dedicate their lives to religion and follow common rules

21. Who were the friars and who was Francis of Assisi? Friars are people who belonged to religious orders but lived and worked among the general public Francis of Assisi was the first to decide to be a monk but live among the people, therefore creating the order of the friars 22. Why were universities built? Created by the church to teach about religion Others created by groups of students who went searching for teachers who could tell them about the world

23. Who was Thomas Aquinas? A teacher at the University of Paris Argued that rational thought could be used to support Christian beliefs He wrote an argument to prove the existence of God 24. Define natural law A God created law that Thomas Aquinas came up with that governed how the world operated

25. Describe religious architecture Gothic Cathedrals Stained glass windows 26. Describe religious art Ornate paintings and tapestries covered the walls and ceilings The priests robes were highly decorative Books were decorative as well

Section Four: Social and Political Changes 27. What is Magna Carta? In 1215 a group of nobles wanted to force the king to respect their rights and had King John sign this document that listed rights the king could not ignore 28. What is parliament? A council of nobles that was created to advise the king

29. What limits on the king did the Magna Carta create? The right of “habeas corpus” that means you can not be jailed without a reason Required that everyone (even the king) had to obey the law 30. What was the Hundreds Year War? A long conflict between England and France because the King of France died and a French man and the King of England claimed the throne

31. Who was Joan of Arc? A peasant girl who rallied the French to fight the English She said she was told by God to fight and they would win, the French did win She was later burned for being a witch 32. How did the governments in France and England change after the war? England~ parliaments power grew and the king lost power France~ kings power grew, the nobles liked him and supported him

33. What was the Black Death? A deadly plague that swept through Europe between 1347 and 1351 Carried by fleas on rats, started in Asia and were on trading ships 34. What effects did the Black Death have on Europe? Millions died (between one third and one half the population of European cities) Manor systems fell apart (not enough people to work the fields) Europe’s cities grew because peasants skills were in demand so they moved to the city where they could make money

Section Five: Challenges to the Church Authority 35. Define heresy Religious ideas that oppose accepted church teachings 36. How did church leaders try to fight heresy? Church leaders sent priests and friars out to look for heretics They tortured people until they confessed (even if they were innocent) People found guilty of heresy were fined, imprisoned, or killed

37. Define Reconquista Christian efforts to retake Spain from the Moors (Muslims) By 1250 the Christians had driven out most of the Moors out of Europe 38. Who were King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella? Ferdinand was the prince of Aragon and Isabella was a Castillian princess, they married and created the country of Spain They ended the Reconquista and required all Jews to convert in to Christianity or leave the country They banned Islam as well Made all of Spain Christian

39. What was the Spanish Inquisition? An organization of priests that looked for and punished anyone in Spain suspected of secretly practicing their old religion (Judaism or Islam) If found guilty you were publicly executed, mostly burned at stake 2,000 were executed in Spain and 1,400 in Portugal 40. How were the Jews discriminated against in the Middle Ages? Blamed for the death of Jesus Blamed for the arrival of the Black Death Forced to leave their countries Sometimes killed for their beliefs