2. Warm-up #10 What is the pope? What conflicts do you think the church and kings may have had?

3. Role Play You will each be assigned a role. After reading about your role you must make a decision about each of the scenarios presented. Write it down in the “your decision” part of your half sheet. Next, you’ll meet with a person with the opposite role. You’ll have to discuss each scenario and make a compromise about what to do. Last, you’ll find out what actually happened in each historical scenario.

4. Challenges to Church Authority Reality Check Divide your paper into four boxes (page 19). Each scenario in your activity was inspired by a real event. As we review each event, record important information about it in the corresponding box of your paper.

5. Scenario #1 Great Schism of 1054 – split between the Eastern and Western Christian Churches. Pope Leo IX was the bishop of Rome, he believed that all bishops should answer to him because Saint Peter, the first pope, had been the leader of the whole Christian Church. Church leaders in the East disagreed. Byzantine Emperor Michael Cerularius refused to recognize the pope and the church split into the Orthodox and Roman Catholic Church.

6. Scenario #2 Pope Gregory VII vs Emperor Henry IV 1073 Henry wanted to select his own bishop but the pope thought that only church officials should do this. Henry convinced Germanys bishops to remove Gregory as pope. In response, Gregory excommunicated Henry and asked the nobles to overthrow him. Henry goes to Italy to ask the pope for forgiveness. He waited outside barefoot in the snow for three days before the pope accepted his apology and allowed him back into the church. – 1122 a new pope and emperor reach a compromise. Church officials would appoint all bishops. Bishops were required to obey the emperor.

7. Analyzing Points of View Turn to page 262. Read the Points of View quotes and answer these questions aloud: – Who wrote these letters? Who were they addressed to? When where they written? – How are their points of view different? – Who do you agree with? Why?

8. Scenario #3 Causes of the Crusades European Catholics like to make pilgrimages to holy site like Jerusalem. Turkish Muslims captured the city of Jerusalem and close the Holy Land to European pilgrims and raid the Byzantine Empire. The emperor asks Pope Urban II for help. The pope agrees to help and calls on Christians from all over Europe to stop fighting each other and fight the Turks. Thousands of Crusaders meet in France to prepare for their journey.

9. Scenario #4 The Inquisition 1100 some Christians begin to question the church’s teachings. The Clergy is accured as being corrupt and greedy. Non clergy begin to preach and demand change. Church officials sent priests and friars throughout Europe to find heretics (people who opposed church teachings). 1200s Pope Innocent III called a crusade against heretics in southern France. Thousands died in the resulting war against heretics.