1. Later Middle Ages Sections 6-8 Notes

2. Middle Ages Section 6 Notes Christianity and Medieval Society

3. Learning Objective: Today we will learn about Christianity and the role it played in Medieval society.

4. Section 6 Vocabulary clergy- church officials religious order- a group of people who dedicate their lives to religion and following common rules friars- people who belonged to religious orders but lived and worked among the people. Thomas Aquinas- philosopher that taught about natural law. natural law- a law that governed how the world operated.

5. Christianity and Medieval Society 1. For most people in the Middle Ages, their lives revolved around the local church. 2. Church officials, or clergy, were very influential in the culture and politics of Europe. 3. The church was one of the largest land owners in Europe. 4. The church encouraged people to go on pilgrimages to holy sites such as Canterbury near London, England.

6. CFU Why was the church such a big part of people’s lives during the Middle Ages? Who was the largest landowner in Europe during the late Middle Ages? Do you think that the church should be wealthy and get involved in politics? What problems may this bring?

7. 5. A religious order is a group of people who dedicate their lives to religion and following common rules. The monks of the Cluny Monastery are an example. 6. Friars lived and worked among the people in order to teach them about Christianity. 7. As a young man, Saint Francis of Assisi gave all of his money and possessions away and began living a simple life, preaching and helping the poor or sick. 8. The church started some of the first universities in Europe to teach people about religion and other subjects such as law, medicine, and astronomy.

8. CFU Explain what a religious order is. How were friars different from other monks that lived in Europe during the Middle Ages? Why did the church create universities during the late Middle Ages?

9. 9. Thomas Aquinas wanted people to study natural law to learn how they could live the way God wanted. He believed reason and faith could be used to prove the existence of God. 10. Many of the books used during religious ceremonies were beautifully decorated by monks. 11. Cathedrals were large beautiful churches built during the Middle Ages as symbols to people’s faith and God’s glory. 12. In the 1100s a new style of architecture, called Gothic architecture, was created.

10. CFU What did Thomas Aquinas study and teach people about? What are cathedrals? Why were they built during the Middle Ages? What was the new style of architecture that appeared during the later Middle Ages?

11. Middle Ages Section 7 Notes Political and Social Changes

12. Learning Objective Today we will learn about the political and social changes that took place during the later Middle Ages.

13. Section 4 Vocabulary Magna Carta- document listing the rights that the king could not ignore Parliament- law-making body that governs England today Hundred Year’s War- a long conflict between England and France Black Death- a deadly plague that swept through Europe

14. Political and Social Changes 13. The Magna Carta was a document listing rights of the people that the king could not ignore. 14. King John was forced to sign the Magna Carta. 15. The English nobles created a lawmaking body to limit the king’s power. This council was called Parliament and is the law-making body that governs England today. 16. Habeas corpus is the Latin phrase meaning “you have the body” and meant that people could not be put in jail without a reason. They had to be charged with a crime and convicted by a jury trial before they could be sent to prison.

15. CFU Explain why the Magna Carta was and still remains one of the most important historical documents of all time. Why did the English nobles create the Parliament? Explain what habeas corpus means.

16. 17. The long fight between England and France was called the Hundred Year’s War. This war strengthened the power of the French king and weakened the power of the English king. 18. Joan of Arc was a teenage peasant girl who led the French troops into battle and was later captured by the English and burned at the stake. 19. A deadly plague that swept through Europe between 1347 and 1351 that killed about a third of Europe’s population was the Black Death. This brought an end to the manor system in Europe.

17. CFU What was the outcome of the Hundred Year’s War? Explain why Joan of Arc is an important historical figure. How did the Black Death change Europe?

18. Middle Ages Section 8 Notes Challenging the Church Authority

19. Learning Objective Today we will learn how people challenged the authority of the church during the late Middle Ages.

20. Section 5 Vocabulary heresy- religious ideas that oppose accepted church teachings Reconquista- efforts to retake Spain from the Moors King Ferdinand- king of Spain brought an end to the Reconquista Queen Isabella- queen of Spain that supported religion and education Spanish Inquisition- an organization of priests that looked for and punished anyone in Spain suspected for secretly practicing their old religion

21. Challenging the Church Authority 20. Around 1100, some people began to speak out against the church because they believed the clergy focused more on money and land rather than God. 21. People who held religious ideas that went against church teachings were called heretics. Sometimes people were tortured until they confessed to heresy, even if they were innocent. 22. The Reconquista or reconquest, was an effort to retake Spain from the Muslim Moors.

22. CFU Why were people upset with the church during the later Middle Ages? Explain what a heretic is and why the church feared them. What was the Reconquista?

23. 23. King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain wanted only Christians in their country so all other religions were forbidden. 24. The Spanish Inquisition was an organization of priests that looked for and punished non-Christians in Spain and Portugal. 25. Blamed for the death of Jesus, Jews of Europe faced persecution. They were blamed them for the arrival of the Black Death. England and France forced all Jews to leave their countries in the late 1200’s and early 1300’s.

24. CFU Explain what the Spanish Inquisition was. What was the Black Death? Why do you think the people of Europe blamed the Jews for the Black Death?