ALEXIS TOCHER CHRISTINA YOUKHANA JENNA MATSUSHITA AP EURO PERIOD 3 Women and the Industrial Revolution

Intro - Causes Pop. Growth Increase Unemployment Mercantilism (Colonies) Agricultural Rev.

Intro - Industrial Revolution Began in Great Britain Led to the production of factories Sanitary Conditions Improved With advances in transportation, goods could be transported healthier and more variety and a better diet. Early industrialization focused on textile production Cheap Labor Factories replaced the putting out system.

Intro - Industrial Revolution (cont.) Malthus wrote An Essay on Human Population: population would eventually outstrip the food source. Ricardo wrote Iron Law of Wages: humanity could not produce a higher standard of living Cotton Gin- Whitney Power loom- Cartwright Factories Family Structures (nuclear family) Increase in Birthrates Luddites- radicals who destroyed factories

Intro - Inventors Kay invented the Flying Shuttle. Hargreaves invented the Spinning Jenny. Crompton invented the Mule. Arkwright invented the Waterframe. Newcomen invented the Steam Power Engineperfected by Watt

Intro - Coal, Iron, and Steel Coal needed to power steam engines Nations with coal like Britain, were leading Industrial Revolution Need Iron to make factories and make inventions like railroads and trains, etc. Iron and Steel eventually replace wood

Intro - Railroads Quicker transportation Provides employment Transportation of goods Families migrate and go on vacation Able to live in suburbs and work in the city

Intro - Effects Migration (Rural-Urban) Great leap in technology Gave rise to urban centers. Rise in pollution. Exploitation of natural resources. Improvement in agricultural equipment.

Women in Factories Hand spinning originally woman’s job, but once this was moved to factories, men replaced women. In factories, fewer skills necessary Female factory workers were usually young, single, or widowed women Some factory owners didn’t want to hire women b/c of the likelihood of pregnancy, influence of their husbands, and duties of child rearing Young women would get married, leave, and then depend on husband’s wages

Work on the Land and in the Home Factory work accounted for less than half of women’s employment Women in  France: Worked on the land  England: Domestic servants  Western Europe: Domestic cottage industries employed women  Harsh labor conditions  Low wages and low skills. Women exploited, many didn’t make enough money so they became prostitutes

Changing Expectations in the Working-Class Marriage Marriage became redefined. Cohabitation before marriage, no more arranged marriage, Women left the workforce to depend on husband’s wages Women born in country migrated to city Because of fleeting relationships between men and women, illegitimate births increased Women worked in nonindustrial sector of economy

Changing Expectations in the Working-Class Marriage (cont.) Birthrates increased because children were sent to work Women’s domestic duties were an essential factor in the family wage economy Culture of working-class marriage and family imitated the family patterns of middle and upper classes Members of middle and upper classes accepted Rousseau’s view of separate gender spheres

Test Questions The Factory Act of 1802 was the first attempt to regulate the English industry. It failed to bring change because a) the poor insisted on working long hours for the money. b) labor unions were opposed to the legislation. c) there was no way to enforce the regulations. d) the followers of Adam Smith insisted that government avoid meddling in industry. e) compared to workers on the continent, English laborers had good conditions.

Test Questions The Factory Act of 1802 was the first attempt to regulate the English industry. It failed to bring change because a) the poor insisted on working long hours for the money. b) labor unions were opposed to the legislation. c) there was no way to enforce the regulations. d) the followers of Adam Smith insisted that government avoid meddling in industry. e) compared to workers on the continent, English laborers had good conditions.

Test Questions David Ricardo had a pessimistic outlook toward the English factory workers. He believed a) overpopulation was about to doom the working class. b) laissez-faire policies were necessary to expand trade. c) paying workers more would only encourage larger families, who would consume the excess. d) education wasn’t necessary for the poor. e) all of the above.

Test Questions David Ricardo had a pessimistic outlook toward the English factory workers. He believed a) overpopulation was about to doom the working class. b) laissez-faire policies were necessary to expand trade. c) paying workers more would only encourage larger families, who would consume the excess. d) education wasn’t necessary for the poor. e) all of the above.

Test Questions All of the following proved advantageous in Great Britain’s leadership in industrialization EXCEPT: a) a supply of important mineral resources, such as coal and iron ore. b) mercantile and industrial classes represented in government. c) strong banking and financial institutions to provide capital. d) an increasing percentage of the population involved in agriculture. e) a strong navy to promote commerce and protect markets.

Test Questions All of the following proved advantageous in Great Britain’s leadership in industrialization EXCEPT: a) a supply of important mineral resources, such as coal and iron ore. b) mercantile and industrial classes represented in government. c) strong banking and financial institutions to provide capital. d) an increasing percentage of the population involved in agriculture. e) a strong navy to promote commerce and protect markets.

Test Questions A key difference in the industrialization of the European continent compared with that of Great Britain in the nineteenth century was the: a) greater importance of technological innovation. b) lack of population growth attending industrialization. c) role played by traditional guilds in mechanization. d) decisive role played by government in promoting it. e) absence of corresponding social problems.

Test Questions A key difference in the industrialization of the European continent compared with that of Great Britain in the nineteenth century was the: a) greater importance of technological innovation. b) lack of population growth attending industrialization. c) role played by traditional guilds in mechanization. d) decisive role played by government in promoting it. e) absence of corresponding social problems.

Test Questions Which of the following represents an important social consequence of industrialization in the first half of the nineteenth century? a) increase in population and greater percentage living in cities b) the strengthening of families as a productive unit c) a decrease in social conflict because of shared wealth d) increasing standards in living and working conditions e) successful establishment of socialist states in some nations

Test Questions Which of the following represents an important social consequence of industrialization in the first half of the nineteenth century? a) increase in population and greater percentage living in cities b) the strengthening of families as a productive unit c) a decrease in social conflict because of shared wealth d) increasing standards in living and working conditions e) successful establishment of socialist states in some nations

Test Questions The most direct rejection of mechanization in industry during the nineteenth century came from: a) classical economists. b) trade unionists. c) Chartists. d) utopian socialists. e) Luddites.

Test Questions The most direct rejection of mechanization in industry during the nineteenth century came from: a) classical economists. b) trade unionists. c) Chartists. d) utopian socialists. e) Luddites.