Chapter 6 Learning

Chapter Overview Will be some of the first Psychology information you learn in college Will be some of the first Psychology information you learn in college Classical Conditioning Classical Conditioning Operant Conditioning Operant Conditioning Learned Behaviors Learned Behaviors

I. Classical Conditioning Definitions to know in this chapter Definitions to know in this chapter Conditioning  Conditioning  type of learning that involves stimulus-response connections Learning  process of learning associations between environmental stimuli and behavior responses Learning  process of learning associations between environmental stimuli and behavior responses

I. Classical Conditioning Classical Conditioning: a form of learning that involves the use of a stimulus to generate a specific response Classical Conditioning: a form of learning that involves the use of a stimulus to generate a specific response Classical conditioning can help people adapt to the environment and can help eliminate troubling fears or other behaviors Classical conditioning can help people adapt to the environment and can help eliminate troubling fears or other behaviors

I. Classical Conditioning Russian psychologist Ivan Pavlov pioneered research into a form of learning known as classical conditioning Russian psychologist Ivan Pavlov pioneered research into a form of learning known as classical conditioning In classical conditioning, one stimulus causes a response that is usually caused by another stimulus In classical conditioning, one stimulus causes a response that is usually caused by another stimulus

I. Classical Conditioning Pavlov’s Dogs – Famous Experiment Pavlov’s Dogs – Famous Experiment Pavlov used dogs in his studies of classical conditioning He trained the dogs to associate the sound of a bell with food They learned that the sound of the bell meant food was coming YouTube - Classical Conditioning - Ivan Pavlov YouTube - Classical Conditioning - Ivan Pavlov

I. Classical Conditioning

Stimulus and Response Stimulus and Response Unconditioned stimulus: a stimulus that causes a response that is automatic, not learned Unconditioned response: caused by an unconditioned stimulus Conditioned response: a learned response to a neutral stimulus

I. Classical Conditioning Stimulus and Response Stimulus and Response Conditioned stimulus: a previously neutral stimulus that causes a conditioned response Conditioned Emotional Response (CER) Conditioned Emotional Response (CER) Emotional responses are classically conditioned to a previously neutral stimulus Emotional responses are classically conditioned to a previously neutral stimulus CyberPsych, Alcohol and Ads Video

I. Classical Conditioning Adapting to the Environment using CC Adapting to the Environment using CC Taste Aversions Taste Aversions Learned response to a particular food One-trial learning Extinction Extinction Disappearance of conditioned response when unconditioned stimulus no longer follows conditioned stimulus

I. Classical Conditioning Adaptation to Environment Adaptation to Environment Spontaneous Recovery  Spontaneous Recovery  Reappearance of an extinguished conditioned response after some time has passed Generalization  Generalization  The tendency to respond in the same way to stimuli that have similar characteristics Discrimination  The act of responding differently to stimuli that are not similar to each other

Review 1) The type of learning that involves stimulus-response connections is called? ALearning by example ALearning by example BClassical BClassical CConditioning CConditioning DOperant DOperant 2) 2) A stimulus that causes a response that is automatic is known as which of the following? AUnconditioned stimulus BUnconditioned response CConditioned response DConditioned stimulus

II. Operant Conditioning Psychologist B.F. Skinner was a pioneer in the research of Operant Conditioning Psychologist B.F. Skinner was a pioneer in the research of Operant Conditioning Operant Conditioning depends on the use of reinforcements and a schedule to execute them Operant Conditioning depends on the use of reinforcements and a schedule to execute them Operant conditioning is when people and animals learn through the consequences of their behavior Operant conditioning is when people and animals learn through the consequences of their behavior

II. Operant Conditioning The principles of operant conditioning can be applied to help people or animals learn to combine a series of simple steps or actions to form complex behaviors The principles of operant conditioning can be applied to help people or animals learn to combine a series of simple steps or actions to form complex behaviors Operant conditioning will occur when people or animals have learned to respond to a certain situation Operant conditioning will occur when people or animals have learned to respond to a certain situation

II. Operant Conditioning During Operant Conditioning people learn to continue or eliminate behaviors based on what happens after the behavior During Operant Conditioning people learn to continue or eliminate behaviors based on what happens after the behavior People learn from the consequences of their actions People learn from the consequences of their actions Voluntary responses are conditioned Voluntary responses are conditioned

II. Operant Conditioning Skinner’s Experiment Skinner’s Experiment Studied operant conditioning by using the “Skinner Box” Studied operant conditioning by using the “Skinner Box” His experiment demonstrated reinforcement, or the process by which a stimulus (food) increases the chances that a preceding behavior (a rat pressing a lever) will occur again His experiment demonstrated reinforcement, or the process by which a stimulus (food) increases the chances that a preceding behavior (a rat pressing a lever) will occur again Knowledge of results is often all the reinforcement that people need to learn new skills Knowledge of results is often all the reinforcement that people need to learn new skills

II. Operant Conditioning Reinforcement, defined as the strengthening of a response, will increase the chances of a behavior being repeated Reinforcement, defined as the strengthening of a response, will increase the chances of a behavior being repeated There are different types of reinforcement There are different types of reinforcement Example  Dog learning to lay down will receive a treat from the owner Example  Dog learning to lay down will receive a treat from the owner

II. Operant Conditioning Types of Reinforcements Positive reinforcers increase the frequency of a behavior when presented Person receives something he or she wants following the behavior Negative reinforcers increase the frequency of a behavior when they are removed Behavior is reinforced because something unwanted stops happening or is removed following the behavior

II. Operant Conditioning Rewards and Punishments Rewards and Punishments Rewards  Rewards  Like positive reinforcement, rewards help encourage learning Some psychologists, however, prefer positive reinforcement Punishments  Quite different from negative reinforcers Punishments are unwanted events that decrease the frequency of the behavior they follow

II. Operant Conditioning The effectiveness of reinforcement depends on the schedule of reinforcement When and how often the reinforcement occurs is known as schedule of reinforcement There are different types of schedules that can be followed There are different types of schedules that can be followed

II. Operant Conditioning Continuous reinforcement is the reinforcement of a behavior every time the behavior occurs Continuous reinforcement is not always practical or possible The alternative is partial reinforcement, which means a behavior is not reinforced every time the behavior occurs

II. Operant Conditioning Interval Schedules Interval Schedules Fixed - Interval Schedule: reinforcements Fixed - Interval Schedule: a fixed amount of time must elapse between reinforcements Variable – Interval Schedule: Variable – Interval Schedule: varying amounts of time go by between reinforcements

Review 1) ____________ are unwanted events that decrease the frequency of the behavior they follow. ARewards ARewards BPunishments BPunishments CNegative Reinforcements CNegative Reinforcements DPositive Reinforcements DPositive Reinforcements 2) ___________ is defined as the strengthening of a response. AOperant Conditioning AOperant Conditioning BReinforcement BReinforcement CClassical Conditioning CClassical Conditioning DAdaptation DAdaptation

III. Cognitive Factors in Learning Cognitive psychologists focus on the mental aspects of learning and are interested in what people or animals know, not just what they do Cognitive psychologists focus on the mental aspects of learning and are interested in what people or animals know, not just what they do Cognitive learning is based on the idea that people and animals can learn by thinking or by watching others Cognitive learning is based on the idea that people and animals can learn by thinking or by watching others

III. Cognitive Factors in Learning Cognitive learning studies multiple factors including: Cognitive learning studies multiple factors including: How people obtain information How people obtain information How people process information How people process information Problem Solving Ability Problem Solving Ability

III. Cognitive Factors in Learning There are several different types of Cognitive Learning There are several different types of Cognitive Learning Latent Learning is learning that remains hidden until it is needed Latent Learning is learning that remains hidden until it is needed Most psychologists believe that much learning takes place without reinforcement Most psychologists believe that much learning takes place without reinforcement

III. Cognitive Factors in Learning Observational Learning  knowledge and skills acquired by observing and imitating others Observational Learning  knowledge and skills acquired by observing and imitating others Modeling is a basic form of imitation Modeling is a basic form of imitation Vicarious reinforcement is the ability to learn from the experiences of another Observational learning and modeling account for much of human learning

III. Cognitive Factors in Learning Media Violence  very controversial issue Media Violence  very controversial issue Television is a major source of informal observational learning Most health professionals agree that media violence contributes to aggression

III. Cognitive Factors in Learning Class Activity Class Activity You will be coming up with a different example of what people (society) have learned because of the media You will be coming up with a different example of what people (society) have learned because of the media