1. Learning Dr. Cody Reardon

2. Reaction How do you learn these habits that all of you have? Stimulus- something that produces a reaction Response- a reaction that a stimulus gives

3. Conditioning What is your favorite food? Conditioning- works through the paring of different stimuli to produce a reaction Classical Conditioning- a simple form of learning that uses one stimulus comes to call forth a response. The Stimuli and the Response have been paired together.

4. Unconditioned Unconditioned stimulus- a stimulus that causes a response that is automatic, not learned. Unconditioned response- an automatic response to a stimulus Ideas?

5. Conditioned Conditioned Response- A learned response to a stimulus that was previously neutral, or meaningless. Conditioned stimulus- repeated association with an object makes an object a learned stimulus.

6. Adaption When in your life have you adapted to a new environment. Taste Aversion- a learned avoidance to a particular food. Examples of taste aversion?

7. Extinction There are instances in a person, or animal’s life that a stimulus can loose its effect on its intended response. Extinction- when a conditioned stimulus is no longer followed by an unconditional stimulus, it loses its ability to bring about a conditioned response. This is confusing but break it down with me. Conditioned stimulus (fire alarm) + Unconditioned Stimulus (fire in the building)= Conditioned response (panic/leave students behind)

8. More Adaptions Spontaneous Recovery-this is the recovery of what was previously an extinguished response to a stimulus. Generalization- Responding the same to similar stimuli even though they may not be identical Discrimination- the act of responding differently to stimuli not similar to each other

9. Applications of Classical Conditioning Flooding- A person is exposed to a fearful stimulus until fear responses are extinguished. Systematic Desensitization- taught relaxation techniques while shown fearful stimuli's Counterconditioning- a pleasant stimulus is paired with a fearful one, counteracting the fear. Bell and Pad Method- used for bed wetting

10. Operant Conditioning Operant Conditioning- when people learn to do certain things and learn not to do others. Reinforcement- the process by which a stimulus increases the chances that a preceding behavior will occur again.

11. Types of Reinforces Primary Reinforces- reinforces that function due to biological makeup Examples? Secondary Reinforcers- these must be learned and acquire value by being paired with established reinforcers. Examples?

12. Types of Reinforcers Positive Reinforcers- increase the frequency of the behavior they follow when they are applied. Negative Reinforcers- increase the frequency of the of the behavior they follow when they are removed. What is better, rewards or punishments?

13. Schedules of Reinforcement Continuous reinforcement- the reinforcement of a behavior every time that behavior occurs. Partial Reinforcement- a behavior is not reinforced every time. Then why keep doing the behavior?

14. Types of Schedules Interval Schedules- Amounts of time that pass before being reinforced. – Fixed Interval Schedule- a fixed amount of time must pass between reinforcements. (consistent) – Variable Interval Schedule- varying amounts of time elapse between reinforcements – Ratio Schedules- varying amount of times a behavior is reinforced. (5:1)

15. Shaping Shaping- this is the way to teach a complex activity to someone using small steps to complete the activity. Programmed Learning- Any activity no matter how complex can be taught by breaking down into smaller steps.

16. Latent Learning I need to be picked up at the football stadium, what street can you pick me up on. Latent Learning- Learning that remains hidden until it is needed How did you learn to get home from school, and how did you learn to get to school from home?

17. Observational Learning Observational Learning- we learn skills and knowledge by observing and imitating others. Give me some real life examples Are there instances in life when observational learning is dangerous.

18. PQ4R Preview- getting a general picture before you begin to examine the material Question- learning is always easier when there is a goal in mind or when there is something particular that we want to learn, we become active learners Read- or examine the material with the goal of answering the question

19. PQ4R’S CONTINUED Reflect- it is important to reflect so we can understand and remember it. Recite- a true method to studying a subject is reciting the answers over and over again Review- distributed review is best rather than massed. Reviewing can be replaced with relearning every day.