Chapter 8.4 Learning and Culture Flourish What we’ll learn…..Why? 1.Why universities begin. 2.Where Europeans get “new” learning. 3.Perhaps the beginning of the end of the “Dark Ages.” 1.The Muslim world saved much Roman and Greek learning. 2.Leads to a revival of learning.

Focus Q: Wed., Oct. 15 Why did colleges begin? What are the oldest colleges in the US? List 3 colleges and what programs/majors they are famous for.

The Need for Education Grows 1.***Church wanted better educated clergy*** 2.Rulers needed literate men for their bureaucracies In 1100s, schools sprang up around cathedrals—led to 1 st universities U of Paris, Oxford—1100s

Oxford University, 1096 Why does this look like a church?

Student Life 1.No frills—prayers, class, eat, class, eat, study, sleep 2.Taught in Latin, memorize everything 3.Arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, music, grammar, rhetoric, logic 4.Oral exams 5.Took 3-6 years, theology longest course

Women and Education 1.***Not allowed in universities*** 2.Some got good education in convents 3.Generally, most felt a women's “natural gifts” were best suited for the home

Muslim Scholarship Advances Knowledge 1.Muslim scholars had translated the works of Greek thinkers into Arabic. In Muslim Spain, Jewish and Christian scholars translated Greek works into Latin. ***When Greek translations reached Western Europe, they initiated a revolution in learning***

Christian Scholars Struggle w/ New Ideas The Challenge: Aristotle said to use reason to truth Christians accepted some ideas on faith “Houston, we have a problem.”

Christian Scholars Struggle w/ New Ideas To resolve the conflict btwn faith and reason: ***scholasticism: use reason to support Christian beliefs*** 1. ***Thomas Aquinas most influential – Wrote “Summa Theologica”—faith and reason can exist in harmony*** – Both lead to the same truth – God created and rules over an orderly universe

Saint Thomas Aquinas Is that a “hair” halo? …..Yep

New Approaches to Science, Math 1.Scientific works reached Europe from Spain, Byzantine Empire 2.Hippocrates—medicine, Euclid—geometry, Aristotle—observation and experimentation 3.Europeans adopt Hindu-Arabic numerals, ditch Roman numerals, MMXV ***SCIENCE made little progress in Europe during the Middle Ages b/c most believed all true knowledge must fit church teachings***

Medieval Literature 1.Latin was the language of scholars and the church 2.Writings begin to appear in the ***VERNACULAR—language of the common people*** French, German, Italian

Medieval Literature ***Dante Alighieri wrote “Divine Comedy”*** 1. Poem takes the reader to hell and purgatory – “abandon all hope, ye that enter here” Summarizes Christian ethics and how people’s actions in life determine their fate in the afterlife--remind you of anything?

Architecture and Art In the Middle Ages, greatest architectural achievements were cathedrals Romanesque (1000 a.d.) fortress-like Thick walls and towers for strength Roof typically a barrel vault, very heavy No windows or just slits Dark and gloomy

Romanesque Architecture Lessay Abbey, Normandy, France

Architecture and Art Gothic: about 1140 A.D. 1. Flying buttresses—supports outside the church Allows higher, thinner, walls, large stained glass windows ***Gothic is known for graceful spires, tall windows***

Gothic Architecture National Cathedral, Washington, D.C.

Notre Dame de Paris, Flying Buttresses

Abbey church of Notre Dame Picardy, FR

Notre Dame de Paris

Architecture and Art Gothic applied to art, too ***illumination—artistic decoration of books*** Intricate designs, miniature paintings, brilliant colors and decorative detail