1. Do Now: How did each of the following concepts/ideas help Western Europe progress/advance? Scholasticism Vernacular Arabic numeral system

2. Learning in Medieval Times scholasticism: philosophy that used reason to support Christian beliefs Writing started to appear in the vernacular of the everyday people, instead of Latin  more people could learn! Adopted Arabic number system (easier to solve mathematical equations) –Solve this math problem: MCMLXXX + MMCCCLX –Now solve this one: 1980 + 2360

3. More on the vernacular! How would you feel if I told you to read this IMPORTANT information and that it would vital to your life?! What’s the problem with this task ? Nel mezzo del cammin di nostra vita mi ritrovai per una selva oscura, ché la diritta via era smarrita.

4. In Medieval times, Church teachings (all written in latin) were unreadable to the average Christian…yet their mortal souls depended on these teachings!… That was scary and made them dependent on the Church But now…as more works are written in the vernacular, more people can learn. Hmm….I wonder how the Church will feel about this….

5. Remember! You have already learned about some advancements of the Middle Ages! There was some education supported in monasteries There was increased trade and new business practices as a result of the agricultural and commercial revolution There was a growing middle class In some countries, certain liberties were written down (Magna Carta)

6. But- how did the Crusades specifically serve as a catalyst for launching Europe into a more advanced time? One result of the Crusades was exposure to Muslim learning and exposure to the revival of the ancient works. –Don’t forget! The Muslim empires supported learning and had allowed scholars to come together to translate the Greek works into Arabic.

7. What types of learning did the Church support (and not support!)? -Supported: Arithmetic, Geometry, astronomy, music, grammar, rhetoric, -As part of the revival of the ancient works (thanks to the Muslims) Europeans were also exposed to scientific principles (based on reason/logic) -This clashed with the Church that said people should accept knowledge based on faith * When the Classics are revived, reason (science) vs. Church becomes an issue!!!

8. How were Christian themes maintained during this time? First source: In order to better understand scholasticism, read an excerpt by the philosopher Thomas Aquinas and answer the questions on the sheet.

9. Source 2: How were Christian themes maintained in this illustration?

10. Pod Discussion! How were Christian themes/ideas maintained in Thomas Aquinas’ piece compared to the illustration? Evaluate- Which source do you think resonated with people?

11. Scholasticism and Thomas Aquinas Scholastic scholars tried to illustrate the struggle humans face thinking about issues like God’s existence, when the world began, if something can exist before God, etc They presented their ideas using logic/reason BUT there was no Church bashing When a contradiction emerges, Aquinas still follow faith

12. Dante Alighieri, who wrote Dante’s Inferno, was one of the most famous Italian poets who wrote in the vernacular Midway upon the journey of my life I found myself within a forest dark, For the straightforward pathway had been lost. – Dante’s Inferno The story emphasizes the importance of living of life without sin so you don’t lose your way!

13. How did architecture start to change in the High Middle Ages? In order to answer this question, we will be doing some architecture analysis! The two common styles of architecture were: Romanesque and Gothic As you see each picture, write down DIFFERENCES between the two styles

14. Romanesque Church: St. Filibert, France, 10 c

15. Gothic Cathedral: Notre Dame, Paris, France

16. Romanesque Floor Plan

17. Gothic Floor Plan

18. Interior of a Romanesque Cathedral

19. Interior of a Gothic Cathedral

20. Discuss with your partner! What differences did you notice between the two? Comparison: Which style seem more advanced? Explain your reasoning! Infer: How did architectural advancements reinforce the role of the Church?

21. Romanesque Cathedral Architectural Style ÁRounded Arches. ÁBarrel vaults. ÁThick walls. ÁDarker, simplistic interiors. ÁSmall windows, usually at the top of the wall.

22. Gothic Cathedral Architectural Style ÁBegan in France in the 12 c – so now public work projects were based around architecture FOR the Church. And it was architecture that illustrated the church as strong and beautiful ÁPointed arches. ÁFlying buttresses. ÁStained glass windows. ÁElaborate, ornate interior. ÁTaller, more airy  lots of light. ÁLavish sculpture  larger-than-life.

23. St. Etienne, Bourges, late 12 c “Flying” Buttresses

24. Flying Buttress

25. Chartres Cathedral, Paris Royal Portal Jamb Figures The “Pillar People”

26. Cathedral Gargoyles

27. Stained Glass Windows ÁFor the glory of God. ÁFor religious instructions.

28. Notre Dame Cathedral

29. Which Cathedral Style Is Which?