1. Chapter 8.4 Learning and Culture Flourish
What we’ll learn…..
Why?
Why universities begin.
Where Europeans get “new” learning.
Perhaps the beginning of the end of the “Dark Ages.”
The Muslim world saved much Roman and Greek learning.
Leads to a revival of learning.

2. Focus Q: Wed., Oct. 15 Why did colleges begin?
What are the oldest colleges in the US?
List 3 colleges and what programs/majors they are famous for.

3. FQ: Oct. 24
What academic strategies did you use during the 1st marking period?
How successful were they?
What academic strategies will you use during the 2nd marking period to be even more successful?

4. FQ: October 23 Page 262, read “The Need for Educated People Grows.”
Bullet point notes of the main details
Use sentence fragments, abbrev., etc.

5. The Need for Education Grows
***Church wanted better educated clergy***
Rulers needed literate men for their bureaucracies
In 1100s, schools sprang up around cathedrals—led to 1st universities
U of Paris, Oxford—1100s

6. Oxford University, 1096 Why does this look like a church?

7. Student Life No frills—prayers, class, eat, class, eat, study, sleep
Taught in Latin, memorize everything
Arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, music, grammar, rhetoric, logic
Oral exams
Took 3-6 years, theology longest course

8. Women and Education ***Not allowed in universities***
Some got good education in convents
Generally, most felt a women's “natural gifts” were best suited for the home

10. Muslim Scholarship Advances Knowledge
Muslim scholars had translated the works of Greek thinkers into Arabic. In Muslim Spain, Jewish and Christian scholars translated Greek works into Latin.
***When Greek translations reached Western Europe, they initiated a revolution in learning***

11. Christian Scholars Struggle w/ New Ideas
The Challenge:
Aristotle said to use reason to truth
Christians accepted some ideas on faith
“Houston, we have a problem.”

12. Christian Scholars Struggle w/ New Ideas
To resolve the conflict btwn faith and reason:
***scholasticism: use reason to support Christian beliefs***
1. ***Thomas Aquinas most influential
Wrote “Summa Theologica”—faith and reason can exist in harmony***
Both lead to the same truth
God created and rules over an orderly universe

13. Is that a “hair” halo? …..Yep
Saint Thomas Aquinas
Is that a “hair” halo? …..Yep

14. New Approaches to Science, Math
Scientific works reached Europe from Spain, Byzantine Empire
Hippocrates—medicine, Euclid—geometry, Aristotle—observation and experimentation
Europeans adopt Hindu-Arabic numerals, ditch Roman numerals, MMXVI
***SCIENCE made little progress in Europe during the Middle Ages b/c most believed all true knowledge must fit church teachings***

15. Medieval Literature Latin was the language of scholars and the church
Writings begin to appear in the ***VERNACULAR—language of the common people***
French, German, Italian

16. ***Dante Alighieri wrote “Divine Comedy”***
Medieval Literature
***Dante Alighieri wrote “Divine Comedy”***
1. Poem takes the reader to hell and purgatory
“abandon all hope, ye that enter here”
Summarizes Christian ethics and how people’s actions in life determine their fate in the afterlife--remind you of anything?

18. Architecture and Art
In the Middle Ages, greatest architectural achievements were cathedrals
Romanesque (1000 a.d.) fortress-like
Thick walls and towers for strength
Roof typically a barrel vault, very heavy
No windows or just slits
Dark and gloomy

20. Romanesque
Architecture
Lessay Abbey, Normandy, France

21. Lessay Abbey, Normandy, France

22. You’ll laugh……… Anton, do you think I’m a bad mother? My name is Paul.
When my wife starts to sing I always go out and do some garden work so our neighbors can see there's no domestic violence going on.
My old aunts would come and tease me at weddings, “Well Sarah? Do you think you’ll be next?”
We’ve settled this quickly once I’ve started doing the same to them at funerals.

23. ***Gothic is known for graceful spires, tall windows***
Architecture and Art
Gothic: about 1140 A.D.
1. Flying buttresses—supports outside the church
Allows higher, thinner, walls, large stained glass windows
***Gothic is known for graceful spires, tall windows***

24. Gothic Architecture National Cathedral, Washington, D.C.
Flying Buttresses

25. Notre Dame de Paris,
Flying Buttresses

26. Abbey church
of Notre Dame
Picardy, FR

28. Notre Dame de Paris

29. ***illumination—artistic decoration of books***
Architecture and Art
Gothic applied to art, too
***illumination—artistic decoration of books***
Intricate designs, miniature paintings, brilliant colors and decorative detail