“Allah Akbar, Allah Akbar, La Allah Il, La Allah Il Allah U Mohammed Rassul Allah”

The revelations of Muhammad form the basis of the Islamic religion, a monotheistic faith. Origins of Islam WHO? The Prophet (Muhammad) WHERE? Mecca & Medina (early Muslim cities) on the Arabian Peninsula HOW? Ideas and travel related to the Kaaba

Islamic traditions and customs developed over centuries and created a distinct Muslim culture. Beliefs, Traditions, and Customs of Islam Allah – Arabic word for “God” Qur'an (Koran) – Arabic for “word of God” / holy book Accepts Judeo-Christian prophets like Moses & Jesus Five Pillars of Islam

Creed (Shahada) statement of faith Prayer (Salat) 5 times/day; facing Mecca Alms/charity (Zakat) giving to the poor Fasting (Sawm) abstaining from food/drink Pilgrimage (Hajj) holy trip to Mecca

1)Title 2) Image 3)Name of Pillars 4) Description of Pillars 5) Neat, Colorful, Accurate

Geographic influences on the origin and spread of Islam

Spread along trade routes from Mecca and Medina (diffusion) Expanded despite great distances: –Crossed deserts and mountains Spread into Fertile Crescent, Iran, and Byzantine Persian Central Asia, facilitated by weak Byzantine and Persian empires

Influence of geography on economic, political, and social development Political unity of the first Muslim empire was short-lived Arabic language spread with Islam and facilitated trade across Islamic lands Arabic language also stimulated intellectual activity Slavery not based on race

Timeline 632: Muhammad died 632 – 661: “Rightly Guided” Caliphs –Abu-Bakr, Umar, Uthman, and Ali 661: Umayyads come to power –Hereditary system of succession –Moved the capital from Mecca to Damascus –Surrounded themselves with wealth & ceremony

Sects of Islam The Sunni and Shi’a (Shiites) Sunni (accepted the rule of the Umayyads) Approximately 90% of Muslims Believed successors to Muhammad should be chosen by the community Do not believe in intermediary (middle-man) between Allah and people

Sects of Islam The Sunni and Shi’a (Shiites) Shi’a (Shiite) (followed the example of Ali, Muhammad’s son-in-law) Approximately 10% of Muslims Think Muhammad’s successor should be his relatives Believed in an intermediary called an Imam Those with religious authority should rule government too

Major historical turning points in the spread of Islam Major historical turning points marked the spread and influence of Islamic civilization. Death of Ali: Sunni vs. Shi’a division Muslim conquest of Jerusalem & Damascus during the Crusades Muslims defeated at the Battle of Tours (France in 732 A.D.) Islamic capital moved to Baghdad (762 A.D.) Fall of Baghdad to the Mongols

Spread of Islam

Islamic cultural contributions and achievements Early Islamic civilization was characterized by achievements in science and the arts that transformed the Islamic world and contributed to world civilization. Architecture: Dome of the Rock (Jerusalem) Mosaics Arabic alphabet - Translation of ancient texts into Arabic Universities (ex: House of Wisdom in Baghdad) Literature: A Thousand and One Nights

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Islamic scientific contributions and achievements Early Islamic civilization was characterized by achievements in science and the arts that transformed the Islamic world and contributed to world civilization. Arabic numerals (adapted from India), includes 0 Algebra Medicine

Islamic scientific contributions and achievements Early Islamic civilization was characterized by achievements in science and the arts that transformed the Islamic world and contributed to world civilization. Expansion of geographic knowledge = maps

Kaaba in Mecca Dome of the Rock Universities Medicine Arabian desert Arabic numeralsMosaic