Standing on the Shoulders of Giants

Today… Acknowledging sources Plagiarism Referencing systems UCL resources Getting it right

Terminology Citation –Acknowledging a source in the text Referencing system –Conventions for citing references (e.g. Harvard; Vancouver) Reference List –A list of cited sources in numerical order (e.g. Endnote in the Vancouver system) Bibliography –List of all sources consulted in alphabetical order; placed at the end of the document

Why Acknowledge? Demonstrate how widely you have read Identify the source(s) of your ideas Identify which ideas are yours Show how you have built on the ideas of others Provide evidence / support for your assertions Give authority / weight to your arguments Reader can follow up source ideas in more depth Academic honesty (Avoid PLAGIARISM)

What is Plagiarism? “The presentation of another person’s thoughts, or words, or artefacts, or software as though they were a student’s own.” Source: Plagiarism at: [Accessed 17 September 2013] NB: Failure to acknowledge yourself (e.g. a previous essay) is also plagiarism (self-plagiarism)

Forms of Plagiarism INCLUDES: Electronic file sharing Collusion on individual work Copying from other student(s) Unreferenced use of other sources, e.g: –Internet, books etc. Unreferenced use of resources provided to previous students Presenting previous own work (unacknowledged) as new work (self plagiarism)

Why Do It? By accident, e.g: –Unclear about how to reference properly –Error of omission –Cultural differences By design, e.g: –Running late, borrow a friend’s work –Easier to copy and paste from the Internet than do the work –Don’t believe they will get caught In either case, will be penalised Note: UCL subscribes to Turnitin® software

What Happens? Plagiarised work referred to course leader & internal examiner Then referred to Secretary of MS&I Plagiarism Panel –Minor – penalty may be applied by Course Leader –Major: MS&I Irregularities Panel College Irregularities Panel –All cases: A note is made on MS&I file, at the very least

Potential Penalties Substantial marks deduction Zero marks on the work Re-submit another piece for zero marks Note on your file –Can affect references Possible referral to College –Could cost you your degree

How to avoid plagiarism Say it in your own words –Rewriting a piece of work (paraphrasing) –Not enough to just change a few words from the original Quoting –Using the exact words of another author –Always use quotation marks Correctly citing your sources

Why cite correctly? Avoid plagiarism Readers will be able to trace your sources without difficulty Shows the breadth of your research Correctly citing your sources may increase your marks

Sources of information that require referencing Books Journal articles Electronic journal articles Web pages s Videos, films, CD-ROMs, other recordings Charts, diagrams, pictures Newspapers Conference proceedings Personal communication, eg. Letters Interviews (personal interviews should have the permission of the interviewee) Other students

Secondary referencing When an author cites another author and the primary source is not available eg. –Smith (2003), cited by Jones (2006), states that… –Smith (1), cited by Jones (2), states that… Avoid where possible Locate primary source instead

Citation styles 2 elements to a citation –In-text citation –Reference List or Bibliography Citation styles / referencing systems: –Harvard –Vancouver

Harvard Author / date system In-text citation includes: –Author’s surname –Date of publication (year) –Page number(s) – usually only where it’s a direct quotation Reference List / Bibliography: –Alphabetically by author

Harvard: in-text citations Use the format (Smith, 2007 p.134) Where the author’s name is in the text you may omit it from the in-text citation eg. Smith (2007) argues that… Where there is more than one publication by an author in the same year, add a letter to the year to distinguish them. Eg. (Smith, 1999a)

Harvard: in-text citations For up to three authors, list all three. Eg. (Smith, Jones and Brown, 2005) For more than three authors, list the first author followed by et al. Eg. (Smith et al, 2004) When referring to more than one source you may separate with a semi-colon. Eg. (Smith, 2004; Jones 1999) Include in-text citation every time you refer to that author’s work

Harvard: in-text citations examples It has been suggested that “…the desirability of venture capital finance depends largely on the venture capitalist's ability to provide managerial contributions to the venture.” (de Bettingniesa and Brander, 2007 p.825) Venture capital finance has been noted to be more desirable where the venture capitalist may be involved in the management of a venture. (de Bettingniesa and Brander, 2007) The work of de Bettingniesa and Brander (2007) shows that venture capitalist finance is more desirable where the management of a venture may involve contributions from the venture capitalist.

Harvard: reference lists Alphabetical by author’s name All resources in one list Need to provide enough information for the reader to be able to identify that exact resource. Where the same author has more than one publication, list them in chronological order with the earliest first If these publications also occur in the same year, add a letter to the year to distinguish them. Eg. 1999a, 1999b List all authors names, do not use et al.

Harvard: book references Author's surname, Initial(s). Year of publication. Title: subtitle. Edition (if it is not the first edition). Place of publication: Publisher. Collins, J.C., Porras, J.I Built to last: successful habits of visionary companies. 3rd ed. London: Random House Business books.

Harvard: book chapter references Contributing author's surname, Initial(s). Year of publication. Title of chapter: subtitle. In: Initial(s). Surname(s) of editor(s), ed. or eds. Title of book. Place of publication: Publisher, Page numbers(s) of contribution. DeTienne, D.R The relevance of theories of change for corporate entrepreneurship scholars. In: J.A. Katz, D.A. Shepherd, eds. Corporate entrepreneurship. Amsterdam: Elsevier, p

Harvard: electronic book references Author's/Editor's surname, Initial(s). Year. Title [online]. Edition. Place of publication: Publisher. Available from: URL of database in which the book is held [Accessed Date]. Fruin, W.M The Japanese Enterprise System: competitive strategies and cooperative structures [online]. Oxford: Oxford Scholarship Online. Available from: [Accessed 7 September 2007]

Harvard: journal article references Author's surname, Initial(s). Year of publication. Title of article. Title of journal, volume number (issue number), page numbers of contribution. Gartner, W.B Entrepreneurial narrative and a science of the imagination. Journal of Business Venturing, 22(5), p Journal titles spelt out in full Eg. Journal of Business Venturing NOT J Bus Venturing

Harvard: electronic journal article references Author's surname, Initial(s). Year of publication. Title of article. Title of journal [online], volume number (issue number). Available from: URL [Accessed date]. Gartner, W.B Entrepreneurial narrative and a science of the imagination. Journal of Business Venturing [online], 22(5). Available from: [Accessed 7 September 2007]

Harvard: Web page / website Author's/editor's surname, Initial(s). Year. Title [online]. Place of publication: Publisher. Available from: URL [Accessed date]. British Private Equity and Venture Capital Association Why private equity is good for the UK [online]. London: BVCA. Available from: [Accessed 7 September 2007]. WARNING! Evaluate information you find on the Web

Vancouver Numeric system In-text citation includes bracketed or superscript number (1) [1] 1 Reference List / Bibliography in numeric order

Vancouver: in-text citations Where the same reference occurs more than once, insert the same number again Page numbers may be indicated within the brackets It has been suggested that “…the desirability of venture capital finance depends largely on the venture capitalist's ability to provide managerial contributions to the venture.” (1: 825)

Vancouver: reference list In numeric order All resources in one list Publications by the same author in the same year do not need to have letters by the year to distinguish them For more than 3 authors, may use et al.

Vancouver: book references Author's surname, Initial(s). Title: subtitle, Edition (if it is not the first edition). Place of publication: Publisher, Year of publication. (1) Collins, J.C., Porras, J.I. Built to last: successful habits of visionary companies, 3rd ed. London: Random House Business books, 2000

Vancouver: book chapter references Author's surname, Initial(s). Title: subtitle, Edition (if it is not the first edition), ed. or eds. Title of book. Place of publication: Publisher, Year of publication: Page numbers of contribution. (2) DeTienne, D.R. The relevance of theories of change for corporate entrepreneurship scholars. In: J.A. Katz, D.A. Shepherd, eds. Corporate entrepreneurship. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2004:

Vancouver: electronic book references Author's surname, Initial(s). Title: subtitle [online], Edition. Place of publication: Publisher, Year of publication. Available from: URL of database in which the book is held [Accessed Date]. Fruin, W.M. The Japanese Enterprise System: competitive strategies and cooperative structures [online], Oxford: Oxford Scholarship Online, Available from: [Accessed 7 September 2007]

Vancouver: journal article references Author's surname, Initial(s). Title of article. Title of journal, Year of publication; volume number (issue number): page numbers of contribution. Gartner, W.B. Entrepreneurial narrative and a science of the imagination. J Bus Venturing, 2007; 22(5):

Vancouver: Web page / website Author's/editor's surname, Initial(s). Title [online]. Place of publication: Publisher, Year. [Accessed date] Available from: URL British Private Equity and Venture Capital Association. Why private equity is good for the UK [online]. London: BVCA, [Accessed 7 September 2007] Available from:

Harvard or Vancouver? Harvard –Popular –Author and date appear in text –Easy to add citations at any time –Less good where many references do not have authors or dates –Adds to word count Vancouver –Does not interrupt flow of words –Good where references do not have authors or dates –Lower word count –Hard to add citations at any time because of renumbering

Bibliographic software Create your own database of references Interacts with Word: –Insert references in your essay –Format bibliographies and in-text citations in the style of your choice –Still need to check formatting is correct Reference Manager or EndNoteEndNote –Can purchase from AdeptScientific and other vendorsAdeptScientific Mendeley or ZoteroMendeleyZotero –Free

Getting it right: more information UCL Plagiarism website – students/guidelines/plagiarismhttp:// students/guidelines/plagiarism WISE – for plagiarism and citing information – – Working with information: referencing Staying legal: plagiarism

Getting it right: more information British Standards – standards for citing –Recommendation for references to published materials. BS 1629:1989 –Recommendations for citing and referencing published material. BS 5605:1990 –Recommendations for citation of unpublished documents. BS 6371:1983 –Available via British Standards Online Cardiff University Avoiding plagiarism tutorial –

Need more help? Ask at the Library Enquiry Desks –Main Library –Science Library –Site Libraries