Kingdom Plantae

Plants are members of the kingdom Plantae whose cells are eukaryotic (have a nucleus), have a cell wall made of cellulose, and contains chloroplasts with pigments such as chlorophyll a and b that help the plant to carry out photosynthesis.

KEY CONCEPT Plant life began in the water and became adapted to land.

Early Plants They were very similar to algae that we are familiar with. They were dependent on water for reproduction, and only with the evolution of the seed were plants able to survive on dry land.

Plant Kingdom Non-flowering Plants Flowering Plants (Angiosperms)

SeedlessVascularPlantsBryophytesGymnosperms Non - flowering Plants Seed-producing Spore-producing

Bryophytes Non - flowering Plants Do NOT produce flowers GymnospermsSeedless Vascular Plants

Mosses and their relatives are seedless nonvascular plants. Nonvascular plants grow close to the ground to absorb water and nutrients. Seedless plants rely on free- standing water for reproduction. Liverworts belong to phylum Hepatophyta. – often grow on wet rocks or in greenhouses – can be thallose or leafy

Bryophytes Appearance – Mosses: grow in clumps (green mass) Anchor – No true roots, – they have rhizoids Transport – No vascular tissue so no transport

Bryophytes Habitat –Damp terrestrial environments Reproduction –Spores form capsules that are dispersed by the wind –Requires water Examples –Mosses, liverworts, hornworts

20.2 Classification of Plants TEKS 5B, 7D, 8B, 8C Mosses belong to phylum Bryophyta. –most common seedless nonvascular plants –sphagnum moss commonly used by humans as “peat”

Bryophyta: Mosses

spores Spore-producing capsule Moss

Liverworts and Hornworts Hornwort Liverwort

Seedless Vascular Plants Appearance –Feathery leaves, underground stems Anchor –Roots, underground stems Transport –Vascular tissue (also provides support)

20.2 Classification of Plants TEKS 5B, 7D, 8B, 8C Club mosses and ferns are seedless vascular plants. A vascular system allows club mosses and ferns to grow higher off the ground. Both need free-standing water for reproduction. Club mosses belong to phylum Lycophyta. –not true mosses –oldest living group of vascular plants

20.1 Origins of Plant Life TEKS 7A, 7E, 8C, 12A A vascular system allows resources to move to different parts of the plant. sugars water and mineral nutrients –collection of specialized tissues –brings water and mineral nutrients up from roots –disperses sugars from the leaves –allows plants to grow higher off the ground

21.1 Plant Cells and Tissues TEKS 5B, 10B, 10C stem leaf root –two networks of hollow tubes –xylem transports water and minerals –phloem transports photosynthetic products Vascular tissue transports water, minerals and organic compounds.

21.2 The Vascular System TEKS 4B, 5B, 10B, 10C Water and dissolved minerals move through xylem. Xylem contains specialized cells. –vessel elements are short and wide –tracheid cells are long and narrow –xylem cells die at maturity vessel element tracheid

21.2 The Vascular System TEKS 4B, 5B, 10B, 10C Phloem carries sugars from photosynthesis throughout the plant. Phloem contains specialized cells. –sieve tube elements have holes at ends –companion cells help sieve tube elements –unlike xylem, phloem tissue is alive

21.2 The Vascular System TEKS 4B, 5B, 10B, 10C –absorption occurs at roots Water travels from roots to the top of trees. –cohesion and adhesion in xylem –transpiration at leaves

21.2 The Vascular System TEKS 4B, 5B, 10B, 10C –Plants passively transport water through the xylem. –Cohesion is the tendency of water molecules to bond with each other. The cohesion-tension theory explains water movement. –Adhesion is the tendency of water molecules to bond with other substances.

Seedless Vascular Plants Habitat –Damp, shady environments Reproduction –Spores are produced on underside of leaves by the sorus –Requires water Examples –Ferns, horsetails, club mosses

Fern Young fern leaf (circinate)

Sorus: fern spore-producing organ

Horsetail

Club moss Tips of branches called strobili have spore bearing parts on them.

Seed plants include cone-bearing plants and flowering plants. Seed plants have several advantages over their seedless ancestors. –can reproduce without free-standing water, via pollination –pollination occurs when pollen meets female plant parts –seeds nourish and protect plant embryo –seeds allow plants to disperse to new places

20.2 Classification of Plants TEKS 5B, 7D, 8B, 8C Gymnosperms do not have seeds enclosed in fruit. –most gymnosperms are cone-bearing and evergreen. –the cone is reproductive structure of most gymnosperms. –pollen is produced in male cones. –eggs are produced in female cones. –seeds develop on scales of female cones.

Cycad Ginko

Male cone Female cone Cycadophyta

Conifer Needle-shaped leaves

Male cones (in clusters) Female cones (scattered)

20.2 Classification of Plants TEKS 5B, 7D, 8B, 8C Angiosperms have seeds enclosed in some type of fruit. –A flower is the reproductive structure of angiosperms. –A fruit is a mature ovary of a flower. Angiosperms, or flowering plants, belong in phylum Anthophyta.

20.3 Diversity of Flowering Plants TEKS 7B, 7D, 8B Flowering plants have unique adaptations that allow them to dominate in today’s world. Flowers allow for efficient pollination. –animals feed on pollen or nectar –pollen is spread from plant to plant in process