1. 19
KEY CONCEPT Plants can be classified into nine phyla.

2.                                                                                                                      
Figure 19-5 Fossil evidence indicates that bryophytes are the oldest and angiosperms the youngest of the four major plant groups.
Fig. 19-5

3. Mosses and their relatives are seedless nonvascular plants.19
Mosses and their relatives are seedless nonvascular plants.
Nonvascular plants grow close to the ground to absorb water and nutrients.
Seedless plants rely on free-standing water for reproduction.
Liverworts belong to phylum Hepatophyta.
often grow on wet rocks or in greenhouses
can be thallose or leafy

4. 19 Mosses belong to phylum Bryophyta.
most common seedless nonvascular plants
sphagnum moss commonly used by humans as “peat”

5. 19 Ferns and their relatives belong to phylum Pterophyta.
frond
fiddlehead
whisk ferns and horsetails are close relatives of ferns
ferns have large leaves called fronds

6. Seed plants include cone-bearing plants and flowering plants.19
Seed plants include cone-bearing plants and flowering plants.
Seed plants have several advantages over their seedless ancestors.
can reproduce without free-standing water, via pollination
pollination occurs when pollen meets female plant parts
seeds nourish and protect plant embryo
seeds allow plants to disperse to new places

7. 19 Gymnosperms do not have seeds enclosed in fruit.
most gymnosperms are cone-bearing and evergreen.
the cone is reproductive structure of most gymnosperms.
pollen is produced in male cones.
eggs are produced in female cones.
seeds develop on scales of female cones.

8. 19 Conifers are gymnosperms in phylum Coniferophyta.
most common gymnosperms alive today
includes pines, spruce, cedar, fir, and juniper

9. 19 Angiosperms have seeds enclosed in some type of fruit.
A flower is the reproductive structure of angiosperms.
A fruit is a mature ovary of a flower.
Angiosperms, or flowering plants, belong in phylum Anthophyta.