Myers’ PSYCHOLOGY (6th Ed) Chapter 13 Emotion James A. McCubbin, PhD Clemson University Worth Publishers

Emotion zEmotion ya response of the whole organism xphysiological arousal xexpressive behaviors xconscious experience

Theories of Emotion zDoes your heart pound because you are afraid... or are you afraid because you feel your heart pounding?

James-Lange Theory of Emotion zExperience of emotion is awareness of physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli Fear (emotion) Pounding heart (arousal) Sight of oncoming car (perception of stimulus)

Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion zEmotion-arousing stimuli simultaneously trigger: yphysiological responses ysubjective experience of emotion Sight of oncoming car (perception of stimulus) Pounding heart (arousal) Fear (emotion)

Schachter’s Two Factor Theory of Emotion zTo experience emotion one must: ybe physically aroused ycognitively label the arousal Cognitive label “I’m afraid” Fear (emotion) Sight of oncoming car (perception of stimulus) Pounding heart (arousal)

Cognition and Emotion zThe brain’s shortcut for emotions

Two Routes to Emotion Appraisal Event Emotional response Physiological activation Expressive behavior Subjective experience

Two Dimensions of Emotion Positive valence Negative valence High arousal Low arousal pleasant relaxation joy sadness fear anger

Emotional Arousal Autonomic nervous system controls physiological arousal Sympathetic division (arousing) Pupils dilate Decreases Perspires Increases Accelerates Inhibits Secrete stress hormones Parasympathetic division (calming) Pupils contract Increases Dries Decreases Slows Activates Decreases secretion of stress hormones EYES SALIVATION SKIN RESPIRATION HEART DIGESTION ADRENAL GLANDS

Arousal and Performance zPerformance peaks at lower levels of arousal for difficult tasks, and at higher levels for easy or well- learned tasks Performance level LowArousalHigh Difficult tasksEasy tasks

Emotion- Lie Detectors zPolygraph ymachine commonly used in attempts to detect lies ymeasures several of the physiological responses accompanying emotion xperspiration xheart rate xblood pressure xbreathing changes

Emotion- A Polygraph Examination

Emotion- Lie Detectors zControl Question yUp to age 18, did you ever physically harm anyone? zRelevant Question yDid the deceased threaten to harm you in any way? zRelevant > Control --> Lie

Emotion- Lie Detectors Control question Relevant question Control question Relevant question (a)(b) Respiration Perspiration Heart rate

Emotion- Lie Detectors z50 Innocents z50 Theives y1/3 of innocent declared guilty y1/4 of guilty declared innocent (from Kleinmuntz & Szucko, 1984) Percentage Innocent people Guilty people Judged innocent by polygraph Judged guilty by polygraph

Emotion- Lie Detectors zIs 70% accuracy good? yAssume 5% of 1000 employees actually guilty xtest all employees x285 will be wrongly accused zWhat about 95% accuracy? yAssume 1 in 1000 employees actually guilty xtest all employees (including 999 innocents) x50 wrongly declared guilty x1 of 51 testing positive are guilty (2%)

Expressing Emotion zGender and expressiveness Men Women Sad Happy Scary Film Type Number of expressions

Expressing Emotion Smiles can show different emotions: A) Mask anger B) Overly polite C) Soften criticism D) Reluctant compliance

Expressing Emotion zCulturally universal expressions

Experiencing Emotion zThe Amygdala- a neural key to fear learning

Experiencing Emotion zCatharsis yemotional release ycatharsis hypothesis x“releasing” aggressive energy (through action or fantasy) relieves aggressive urges zFeel-good, do-good phenomenon ypeople’s tendency to be helpful when already in a good mood

Experiencing Emotion zSubjective Well-Being yself-perceived happiness or satisfaction with life yused along with measures of objective well-being xphysical and economic indicators to evaluate people’s quality of life

Experiencing Emotion zAre today’s collegians materialistic? Percentage rating goal as very important or essential ‘68 ‘70 ‘72 ‘74 ‘76 ‘78 ‘80 ‘82 ‘84 ‘86 ‘88 ‘90 ‘92 ‘94 ‘96 Year Developing a meaningful life philosophy Being very well-off financially

Experiencing Emotion zDoes money buy happiness? Year 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Average per-person after-tax income in 1995 dollars Percentage describing themselves as very happy $20,000 $19,000 $18,000 $17,000 $16,000 $15,000 $14,000 $13,000 $12,000 $11,000 $10,000 $9,000 $8,000 $7,000 $6,000 $5,000 $4, Percentage very happy Personal income

Experiencing Emotion zValues and life satisfaction Money Love Life satisfaction Importance scores

Experiencing Emotion zAdaptation-Level Phenomenon ytendency to form judgements relative to a “neutral” level xbrightness of lights xvolume of sound xlevel of income ydefined by our prior experience zRelative Deprivation yperception that one is worse off relative to those with whom one compares oneself

Opponent-Process Theory of Emotion Strong Neutral Strong First experience (a) Strong Neutral Strong After repeated experiences (b)

Happiness is... Researchers Have Found That Happy People Tend to Have high self-esteem (in individualistic countries) Be optimistic, outgoing, and agreeable Have close friendships or a satisfying marriage Have work and leisure that engage their skills Have a meaningful religious faith Sleep well and exercise However, Happiness Seems Not Much Related to Other Factors, Such as Age Gender (women are more often depressed, but also more often joyful) Education levels Parenthood (having children or not) Physical attractiveness