1. A musician must make music, an artist must paint, a poet must write, if he is to be ultimately at peace with himself. What a man can be, he must be. -Abraham Maslow
Can you tell me what Maslow is describing?
Self-actualization!

2. key name
Abraham MASLOW
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs - our most basic needs must be met before we can be our best self

3. David McCLELLAND Achievement Motivation
key name
David McCLELLAND
Achievement Motivation
conducted the experiments, which demonstrated that people with a high need for achievement choose moderate tasks

4. Walter CANNON & Philip BARD
key name
Walter CANNON & Philip BARD
We experience the physical (heart racing) and the emotional ("I feel excited") at the SAME TIME

5. key name
Stanley SCHACTER
Two factor theory of emotion
- we experience the physical (heart racing) and give it a cognitive label ("this is scary") and this produces our emotions

6. key name
Konrad LORENZ
Asserted that aggressive impulses, are to a degree, innate. (controversial)

7. Theories of Emotion
Does your heart pound because you are afraid... or are you afraid because you feel your heart pounding?

8. 3 Major Theories of Emotion
James-Lange
Cannon-Bard
Schacter 2 Factor (also referred to as Schacter-Singer)

9. James-Lange Theory of Emotion
A Physiological Response causes the Emotion
Fear
(emotion)
Pounding
heart
(arousal)
Sight of
oncoming
car
(perception of
stimulus)

10. Support for James-Lange
Subjects report feeling more sad when viewing scenes of war, sickness, and starvation if their “sad face” muscles are activated.
They also find comic strips funnier if their “happy face” muscles are activated.
This is called the facial feedback effect

11. Criticism of James-Lange
Fear
(emotion)
Pounding
heart
(arousal)
Sight of
oncoming
car
(perception of
stimulus)
LOVE
(emotion)
Pounding
heart
(arousal)
Sight of
Your secret crush

12. Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion
Sight of
oncoming
car
(perception of
stimulus)
Pounding
heart
(arousal)
Fear
(emotion)
The Physiological Response and the Emotion are experienced at the SAME TIME

13. Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion
Says James-Lange theory is flawed.
Cannon-Bard states that the physiological change and the emotion occur simultaneously.
They believed it was the thalamus that helped this happen.

14. Think – Two cannons firing at the same time.
Physiological change (heart rate, breathing)
Emotion

15. Schachter’s Two Factor Theory of Emotion
Cognitive
label
“I’m afraid”
Fear
(emotion)
Sight of
oncoming
car
(perception of
stimulus)
Pounding
heart
(arousal)
We experience the Physiological Response and give it a Cognitive Label and this produces our emotions

16. If you are in a falling vehicle heading toward the ground at 60 mph, your autonomic reaction would include heart racing and screaming. But if your cognitive appraisal says you are on a rollercoaster, then you have the emotion of “fun.”

17. Reviewing the three theories:
Emotion occurs at the same time as arousal
Cannon-Bard
Emotion follows (lags behind) arousal
James-Lange
Arousal + Cognitive label  Emotion
Schachter’s Two Factor

18. Giving the Finger, the Psychology and History Thereof By William Weir on February 13, 2009
For the study, 54 right-handed subjects read a story about a person whose behavior could be interpreted as either assertive or hostile. One group extended their forefinger while reading, another group extended their middle finger. The latter group tended to assert that person in the essay was hostile, rather than assertive.

19. Experiencing Emotion Does money buy happiness? Average per-person
Year
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10% 0%
Average
per-person
after-tax income
in 1995 dollars
Percentage
describing
themselves as
very happy
$20,000
$19,000
$18,000
$17,000
$16,000
$15,000
$14,000
$13,000
$12,000
$11,000
$10,000
$9,000
$8,000
$7,000
$6,000
$5,000
$4,000
Percentage very happy
Personal income

20. Experiencing Emotion Adaptation-Level Phenomenon
tendency to form judgments relative to a “neutral” level
brightness of lights
volume of sound
level of income
defined by our prior experience
This is why winning the lottery would only make us happy for a short while. Once the novelty of having all that money wears off, we adapt to this new level of wealth (or achievement, etc.)
Relative Deprivation pony example
perception that one is worse off relative to those with whom one compares oneself

21. Happiness is... However, Happiness Seems Not Much
Researchers Have Found That
Happy People Tend to
Have high self-esteem
(in individualistic countries)
Be optimistic, outgoing, and agreeable
Have close friendships or a satisfying
marriage
Have work and leisure that engage
their skills
Have a meaningful religious faith
Sleep well and exercise
However, Happiness Seems Not Much
Related to Other Factors, Such as
Age
Gender (women are more often
depressed, but also more often joyful)
Education levels
Parenthood (having children or not)
Physical attractiveness

22. The Concept of Happiness
Feel-Good, Do-Good Phenomenon: you will be helpful more often if you are in a good mood.
Subjective Well Being: most common measurement of happiness, satisfaction, and quality of life. Looks at physical as well as economic indicators.

24. Emotion Application
Christine is holding her 8 month-old baby when a fierce dog appears out of nowhere and, with teeth bared, leaps for the baby’s face. Christine immediately ducks for cover to protect the baby, screams at the dog, and notices that her heart is banging and that she’s broken out in a cold sweat. How would the James-Lange, Cannon-Bard, and Schachter Two-Factor theories explain Christine’s reaction?