Unit 9 Ch By Anjelica Nojadera, Janus Bungag, Justin Norwood, & Samuele Frausto

I.The France of Napoleon III (A)Second Napoleonic Empire (B)Crimean War II. National Unification (A)Italy (B)Germany III. National Building & Reform (A)Russia & Austria (B)Great Britain

Second Napoleonic Empire ➢ Napoleon III’s Reign ( ) ➢ Legislative corps appeared as representative government ➢ Industrial expansion ➢ Better conditions for working class

Crimean War ➢ Russia demanded protection of shrines ➢ Ottomans refused ➢ Britain, France, and Ottomans declared war ➢ Tsar Nicholas I died ➢ Alexander sued for peace ➢ Treaty of Paris

Italy ➢ Piedmont would lead for unity ➢ Camillo di Cavour ➢ Napoleon allied with Piedmont ➢ Provoked invasion in April 1859 ➢ Giuseppe Garibaldi ➢ Both avoided civil war

Germany ➢ Prussia formed Zollverein ○ Otto von Bismarck ○ Realpolitik ○ Army Appropriations bill ➢ Danish war (1866) ○ Duchies of Schleswig and Holstein ➢ Austro-Prussian war (1866) ○ Bismarck isolated Austria

➢ Franco Prussian War ○ Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen on Spanish throne ○ Bismarck edited telegram note ○ Declared war on July 15, 1870 ○ Unity achieved

Russia & Austria ➢ Tsar Alexander II ➢ Emancipation edict (March 3, 1861) ➢ Zemstvos ➢ Emancipation of September 7, 1848 ➢ Alexander von Bach ( ) ➢ Reichstat ➢ Ausgleich or compromise

Great Britain ➢ The Reform act of 1832 ➢ Economic growth ➢ Whigs/Liberals ➢ Tories/Conservatives ➢ Benjamin Disraeli

IV. Industrialization & Marxism (A) Industrialization (B) Marxism V. Science and Culture in an Age of Realism (A) Science & Health Care (B) Charles Darwin (C) Realism

Industrialization ➢ Period of industrial expansion ➢ Growth of railroads ➢ Trade unions ○ Improved working conditions ○ Reasonable wages

Marxism ➢ Communist Manifesto (1848) ○ Karl Marx & Friedrich Engels ➢ Belief in revolution of the proletariat ➢ Dictatorship of proletariat ➢ Classless society greater wealth for all

Science & Health Care ➢ Louis Pasteur’s germ theory ○ Pasteurization ➢ Pre-bacteriological hygiene movement ➢ Separate medical schools for women

Charles Darwin ➢ On the Origins of Species by Means of Natural Selection (1859) ○ Animals evolved over time ○ Theory of natural selection ➢ The Descent of Man (1871) ○ Humans have animal origins

Realism ➢ Realistic view of the world ➢ Rejected Romanticism ➢ Artists were interested in the natural environment ➢ Depictions of urban poor & brutalization of human life

The Stonebreakers by Courbet

VI. Growth of Industrial Prosperity (A) New Products (B) New Markets (C) New Patterns in an Industrial Economy. (D) Women Job Opportunities (E) Working Classes

New Products ➢ Steel ○ Steel replaces iron ➢ Electricity ○ Many new inventions ➢ Internal Combustion Engine ○ New energy source

New Markets ➢ Focus on Consumer Products ○ Department Store ➢ Cartels

New Patterns in an Industrial Economy ➢ German Industrial Leadership ➢ European Economic Zones

Women Job Opportunities ➢ White Collar Jobs ➢ Prostitution

VII. Emergence of Mass Society (A) Population Growth & Emigration (B) Transformation of Urban Environment (C) Social Structure of Mass Society (D) Women & Family (E) Education & Leisure

Population Growth & Emigration ➢ European Population Increase ( ) ➢ Booming economies in U.S = Euro. Migration ( )

Transformation of Urban Environment ➢ Improved Living Conditions ○ Public Health Act (1875) ➢ Housing Needs ○ House Crisis ➢ Redesigning Cities ○ Urban population expanding ○ Construction of trains

Social Structure of Mass Society Elite Class ➢ 5% of population and controlled 30-40% of wealth ➢ Wealth shift to upper middle class Middle Class ➢ Made up of Professionals ➢ Low middle class ➢ White collar workers Lower Class ➢ 80% of Euro population ➢ Had values of the middle class

➢ Women remained inferior to men ➢ Middle Class Family ○ Men worked while women stayed at home ○ New view on child play ➢ Working Class Family ○ Daughter worked until marriage ○ Higher standard in living Women & Family

Education & Leisure ➢ Education ○ Secondary schools ○ Mass education ➢ Mass Leisure ○ New work hours ○ Tourism

VIII. The National State (A) Reforms in Britain (B) Third Republic of France (C) Spain & Italy (D)Eastern Europe

Reformers in Britain ➢ William Gladstone ( )

Third Republic of France ➢ Commune ○ 1871 Republican form Commune ➢ Constitution of 1875 ○ Established Republican form of Government

Spain & Italy ➢ Spain ○ Generation of 1898 ○ Revolts in Barcelona ➢ Italy ○ Corruption ○ Universal suffrage in 1913

Eastern Europe ➢ Austria-Hungary ○ Dual Monarchy ➢ Russia ○ Absolute Monarchy