1. An Age of Nationalism and Realism, 1850 - 1871
Chapter 22
An Age of Nationalism and Realism,

2. Timeline

3. The France of Napoleon III: Louis Napoleon & the 2nd Napoleonic Empire
Louis Napoleon: Toward the Second Empire
National Assembly rejected his call for revision of constitution to allow him to stand for reelection
Responded by seizing government by force
Restored universal male suffrage and asked that the empire be restored
Assumed the title of Napoleon III, December 2, 1852
The Second Napoleonic Empire
Authoritarian government
Early domestic policies
Economic prosperity
Reconstruction of Paris
Baron Haussmann
Liberalization of the regime in the face of opposition

4. Foreign Policy: The Mexican Adventure
Sent troops to Mexico in 1861 to intervene in struggle between Mexican liberals and conservatives
French forces remained after order had been restored
Installed Archduke Maximilian of Austria as emperor in 1864
Maximilian overthrown and executed in 1867

5. Foreign policy: Crimean War
The Ottoman Empire
Disintegration of the Ottoman Empire
Encroachment of the Russian Empire
Loss of territory
The War
Russian demand to protect Christian shrines (Privilege already given to the French)
Ottomans refuse; Russia invades Moldavia and Wallachia
Turks declare war, October 4, 1853
Britain and France declare war on Russia, March 28, 1854
Destroys the Concert of Europe
War ends in March, 1856
Political effects of the war

6. Map 22.1: Decline of the Ottoman Empire

7. The Crimean War

8. National Unification: Italy
Kingdom of Piedmont
Victor Emmanuel II ( ) of Kingdom of Piedmont
Count Camillo di Cavour ( )
Napoleon III’s alliance with Piedmont, 1858
War with Austria, 1859
Northern states join Piedmont
Guiseppi Garibaldi ( )
The Red Shirts
Invasion of Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, 1860
Kingdom of Italy, March 17, 1861
Annexation of Venetia, 1866
Annexation of Rome, 1870

9. Map 22.2: The Unification of Italy

10. National Unification: Germany
William I,
Wanted military reforms
Otto von Bismarck ( )
Reorganization of the army
Realpolitik
The Danish War (1864)
Schleswig and Holstein
Joint administration with Austria
Austro-Prussian War (1866)
Austrian defeat at Königgratz, July 3, 1866
North German Confederation
Military agreements with Prussia

11. Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871)
Dispute with France over the throne of Spain
French declaration of war, July 15, 1870
Battle of Sedan, September 2, 1870
Siege of Paris, capitulates January 28, 1871
Southern German states join Northern German Confederation
William I proclaimed kaiser, January 8, 1871, of the Second German Empire

12. Map 22. 3: The Unification of Germany

13. Map 22.4: Europe in 1871

14. The Austrian Empire: Toward a Dual Monarchy
Ausgleich, Compromise, 1867
Creates a dual monarchy
German and Magyars dominate minorities
Francis Joseph Emperor of Austria/King of Hungary
Some things in held in common
Other minorities

15. Map 22.5: Ethnic Groups in the Dual Monarchy

16. Imperial Russia Alexander II, 1855-1881
Emancipation of serfs, March 3, 1861
Problems with emancipation
Zemstvos (local assemblies)
Growing dissatisfaction
Assassination of Alexander II (1881)
Alexander III ( )
Return to traditional methods of repression

17. Great Britain: The Victorian Age
Did not experience revolts in 1848
Reforms
Economic growth
Queen Victoria (1837 – 1901) reflected the age
Benjamin Disraeli ( )
Extension of voting rights
Reform Act, 1867
William Gladstone (first administration, 1868 – 1874)
Liberal reforms
Education Act of 1870

18. Nation Building: North America
The United States: Civil War and Reunion
Differences between North and South
The cotton economy
Election of Abraham Lincoln, secession of South Carolina, 1860
Civil War,
North has the advantage
Grant and Lee and the war’s end
Emergence of the Canadian Nation
By 1800 want more autonomy
By 1837 several groups rebelled
The Dominion of Canada, 1867

19. Map 22.6: The United States: The West and the Civil War

20. Industrialization on the Continent
Continental industrialization comes of age (1850 – 1871)
Mechanization of textile and cotton industries
Growth of iron industries
Elimination of trade barriers
Government support and financing

21. Marx and Marxism
Karl Marx ( ) and Friedrich Engels ( ), The Communist Manifesto, 1848
History is the history of class struggle
Stages of history
End result of history is a classless society
After 1848 Revolutions, Marx went to London
Marx, Das Kapital
International Working Men’s Association, 1864
Internal problems

22. A New Age of Science
Development of the steam engine led to science of relationship between heat and mechanical energy
Louis Pasteur – germ theory of disease
Dmitri Mendeleyev – atomic weights
Michael Faraday – generator
Science and Materialism

23. Charles Darwin and the Theory of Organic Evolution
On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, 1859
All plants and animals have evolved over a long period of time
Those who survived had adapted to the environment
The Descent of Man, 1871
Ideas highly controversial; gradually accepted

24. A Revolution in Health Care
Pasteur and Germs
New Surgical Practices
Joseph Lister
New Public Health Care Measures
Public hygiene
New Medical Schools
Women and Medical Schools
Elizabeth Blackwell (1821 – 1910)

25. Science and the Study of Society
Auguste Comte (1798 – 1857)
System of Positive Philosophy
Positive knowledge
Primacy of sociology

26. Realism in Literature and Art
The Realistic Novel
Rejected Romanticism
Gustave Flaubert ( ), Madame Bovary, 1857
William Thackeray ( ), Vanity Fair, 1848
Charles Dickens ( )
Realism in Art
Gustave Courbet ( )
Portrayal of everyday life
Jean-Francois Millet ( )
Scenes from rural life

27. Music: The Twilight of Romanticism
Franz Liszt (1811 – 1886)
New German School
Richard Wagner (1813 – 1883)
Development of a national opera
Ring of the Nibelung

28. Discussion Questions
How did the Crimean War differ from previous European wars?
What role did liberalism play in the unification of Italy?
How did Bismarck use war as a tool of national unification?
What were the goals the realist writers? Why did they reject Romanticism?
How did nationalism shape the music of Liszt and Wagner?

29. Web Links France: Second Republic Crimean War Society
Italian Unification: Primary Sources
German Unification: Primary Sources
Atlas of the German Empire
The Valley of the Shadow: Two Communities in the American Civil War