1. Nationalism, Realpolitik, and Realism
SECONDARY - Hinsley - The Decline of Political Liberalism
SECONDARY - Holborn - German Unification
Nationalism, Realpolitik,
and Realism
KEY CONCEPT 3.3
The problems of industrialization provoked a range of ideological, governmental, and collective responses.
KEY CONCEPT 3.4
European states struggled to maintain international stability in an age of nationalism and revolutions.

2. Industrialization in Continental Europe 665-672
Spread of Radical Ideas
Introduction
Importance of Nationalism
unifications of Italy and Germany
defragmenting of Austria-Hungary, Russia, Ottomans
Politics of Realpolitik
Napoleon III
Cavour
Bismarck
Realists and Social Realities
*J. G. Fichte
*Grimm Brothers
*Giuseppe Mazzini
*Pan-Slavists

3. Napoleon III in France 750-752
Napoleon III,
Establishment of the Second Empire

4. Napoleon III in France 750-752
Napoleon III,
Economic Progress
railroad construction
government support of industrialization
free-trade
legal trade unions
public housing

5. Napoleon III in France 750-752
Napoleon III,
Rebuilding Paris
Baron Haussmann

6. Napoleon III in France 750-752
Napoleon III,
Quest for Glory
anti-Concert of Europe
Italy, Mexico, colonies

7. Modernization of Russia and the Ottoman Empire 759-765
Crimean War,
Causes
Jerusalem
Nicholas I
Mediterranean
Balkans
balance of power / geopolitics
War
Sevastopol
Alexander II
Consequences
weakens Congress system
unresolved tensions
Russo-Austrian alliance broken (Napoleon III’s goal)
Austria diplomatically isolated
Piedmont-Sardinia strengthened
Alexander II initiates reforms
Florence Nightingale

8. Modernization of Russia and the Ottoman Empire 759-765
Russia: Reaction and Reform
Tsarist Russia in the 1850’s
Autocracy
Alexander II,
aristocracy / serfs / non-middle class
Alexander’s Reforms
Emancipation Edict, 1861
zemstvos
Alexander’s Death
“nihilists”
“The People’s Will”

9. Nation Building in Italy and Germany 752-758
Unification of Italy
Situation in 1850
failures:
Carbonari
Mazzini
Young Italy
obstacles:
Austria – Lombardy / Venetia
Bourbons – Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
Pope Pius IX
Piedmont leadership:
Victor Emmanuel II
Count Camillo di Cavour

10. Nation Building in Italy and Germany 752-758
Unification of Italy
Cavour and the Practice of Realpolitik
Franco-Piedmont Alliance
Napoleon III
War with Austria, 1859
1861
1859
1860

11. Nation Building in Italy and Germany 752-758
Unification of Italy
Giuseppe Garibaldi and the Red Shirts
Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
Victor Emmanuel II

12. Nation Building in Italy and Germany 752-758
Persistent Problems
Unification, 1861
Venetia
Pope Pius IX
regionalism
debt
*(don’t neglect Italy AFTER unification)

13. KEY CONCEPT 3.1 Nation Building in Italy and Germany 752-758
The Industrial Revolution spread from Great Britain to the continent, where the state played a greater role in promoting industry.
Unification of Germany
Situation in 1860
obstacles:
German Confederation
French foreign policy
Prussia’s growing strength
population increase
Zollverein
*Friedrich List’s National System

14. Nation Building in Italy and Germany 752-758
Otto von Bismarck – Speech Before the Reichstag New
Otto von Bismarck, Master of Realpolitik,
Wilhelm I
“Blood and Iron”
“Not through speeches and majority decisions will the great questions of the day be decided—that was the great mistake of 1848 and 1849—but by iron and blood.”

15. Nation Building in Italy and Germany 752-758
War with Denmark, 1864
Schleswig and Holstein
*(focus on consequences, not details of the wars)

16. Nation Building in Italy and Germany 752-758
War with Austria, 1866
Schleswig and Holstein
Seven Weeks’ War
dissolution of the German Confederation
North German Confederation
Italy annexes Venetia

17. Nation Building in Italy and Germany 752-758
War with France, 1870
Ems Dispatch
Kaiser Wilhelm I, 1/18/1871
Alsace and Lorraine
balance of power

18. Nation Building in Italy and Germany 752-758
Making Comparisons: Cavour and Bismarck
similarities:
realpolitik
opportunists
differences:
strength of military
strength of economy

19. The Responsive National State, 1871-1914 766-773
Austrian Empire
Defeat and Discontent
War with Piedmont/France
Seven Weeks’ War
nationalism
Dual Monarchy
Magyars
Continued Slavic Discontent
Balkans

20. The Responsive National State, 1871-1914 766-773
Great Britain: Prosperity and Reform
“Workshop of the World”
Reform Bill of 1867
Benjamin Disraeli
Conservatives (Tories)

21. KEY CONCEPT 3.6 Science and Thought 741-745
European ideas and culture expressed a tension between objectivity and scientific realism on one hand, and subjectivity and individual expression on the other.
Realism in Literature and Art
Key Characteristics
rejection of Romanticism
“heroism of modern life”

22. Science and Thought
Leading Realist Authors
Charles Dickens – Hard Times
Gustave Flaubert – Madame Bovary
Henrik Ibsen – A Doll’s House
*Honoré de Balzac
*George Eliot
*Thomas Hardy
*Fyodor Dostoevsky
*Leo Tolstoy
*Émile Zola

23. Science and Thought
Leading Realist Artists
Gustave Courbet

24. Science and Thought
Leading Realist Artists
Honore Daumier

25. Science and Thought
Leading Realist Artists
Jean-Francois Millet