1. Skeletal System By kelly hutchison r.n.

2. The Skeletal System The Skeletal System is made of organs called bones. The adult human has 206 bones.

3. When you were born, your skeleton had around 350 bones. By the time you become an adult,you will only have 206 bones. This is because as you grow,some of the bones join (fuse) together to become one bone.

4. These bones work as a system to perform the following 5 functions: Framework Protection Levers Production of blood cells Storage

5. Framework The bones form a framework to support the body’s muscles, fat, and skin.

6. Protection Bones surround vital organs to protect them. Examples include the skull, which surrounds the brain, and the ribs,which protect the heart and lungs.

7. Levers Muscles attach to bones to help provide movement.

8. Production of blood cells Bones help produce red and white blood cells and platelets, a process called hemopoiesis or hematopoiesis.

9. Storage Bones store most of the calcium supply of the body.

10. Long Bones Bones vary in shape and size. Long bones are bones found in the extremities (arms and legs). Photo of a femur.

11. Basic parts of long Bones Diaphysis- is the long shaft. Epiphysis- are the ends

12. More parts… Medullary canal-is a cavity in the diaphysis. It is filled with yellow marrow (mainly fat cells). Endosteum- is a membrane that lines the medullary canal keeps the yellow marrow intact,and It produces bone growth.

14. Red Marrow Produces red blood cells (erythrocytes), platelets (thrombocytes), and white blood cells (leukocytes). Found in Vertebrae, Ribs, Sternum, and Cranium, and in the proximal ends of the humerous and femur bones of the body.

15. Bone marrow is important in the manufacture of blood cells and the body’s immune response, red marrow is used to diagnose disease and is sometimes transplanted in people with a defective immune system. (Cancer and Leukemia)

16. Periosteum A tough membrane that covers the outside of bone. Contains blood vessels, lymph vessels, and osteoblasts (cells that form new bone cell tissue).

17. Articular cartilage A thin layer that covers the epiphysis. Acts like a shock absorber when two bones meet form a joint.

18. The skeletal system is divided into 2 sections: *Axial skeleton *Appendicular Skeleton

19. Axial Skeleton Forms the main trunk of the body. Skull Spinal column Ribs Breastbone

20. Appendicular Skeleton Forms extremities Shoulder girdle Arm bones Pelvic girdle Leg bones

21. Your 3 pound (1.4 kg) brain needs a home... your skull!

22. The Skull Is Composed of cranial & facial bones.

23. Cranium Surrounds & protects the brain. It is made up of eight bones: One frontal Two parietal Two temporal One occipitial One ethmoid One sphenoid

24. The cranium is not solid bone at birth. Spaces called Fontanels,or “soft spots” are present at birth, and they allow for enlargement of the skull as brain growth occurs. Fontanels are made of membrane and cartilage and turn into solid bone by age 18 months.

25. The Skull has 14 Facial Bones One mandible (lower bone) Two maxilla (upper jaw) Two zygomatic (cheek) Two lacrimal (inner aspect of eyes) Five nasal Two palatine (roof of mouth-hard palate)

26. Facial Bones

27. Sutures Are areas where the cranial bones have joined together

28. Sinuses Are air spaces in the bones of the skull that act as resonating chambers for their voice. They are lined with mucus membranes

29. Foramina Are openings in bones that allow nerves and blood vessels to enter or leave the bone.

30. There is a large opening, called the foramen magnum, located in the back of the occipital bone. This is where the medulla ends and projects out of the skull. Smaller holes in the skull, called foramina, allow nerves and blood vessels to enter and leave the cranium. The picture on the left shows the base of the skull. The places in the skull where the bones come together are called sutures. These sutures are flexible in young children, but become fixed as you age.

31. Spinal column Made of 26 bones called vertebrae. These bones protect the spinal cord and provide support for the head and trunk.

32. Bones of the Vertebrae include: 7 cervical (neck) 12 thoracic(chest) 5 lumbar(waist) 1 sacrum (pelvic girdle) 1 coccyx (tailbone).

33. Tip for testing Think of the vertebrae as the meals you eat daily: First you eat breakfast @ 7am-this represents the 7 Cervical vertebrae Lunch is at 12pm- next there are 12 Thoracic vertebrae Dinner is @5pm- this represents 5 Lumbar vertebrae. Two snacks- this represents the Sacrum and then last Coccyx.

34. * Intervertebral disks (pads of cartilage tissue) separate the vertebrae. These disks act like shock absorbers, permit twisting and bending movements of the vertebral column.

35. 12 pair of Ribs Ribs (costae) Function is to protect the heart & lungs. They attach to the thoracic vertebrae The first seven pairs are called true ribs, they attach directly to the sternum. The last five pair are called false ribs.

36. False ribs The first three pairs attach to cartilage of the rib above. The last two pairs are called floating ribs because they have no attachment on the front of the body.

38. Sternum Known as the breastbone. The last bone of the axial skeleton. 3 parts: manubrium (upper region) gladiolus (body) xiphoid process (small piece of cartilage at the bottom)

39. Clavicle Known as collarbones. They attach to the manubrium part of the sternum by ligaments.

40. Scapula You have two scapulas Scapulas are also known as shoulder bones. They provide for attachment to of the arms to the body.

41. Humerus Each arm has one humerus. This is the upper part of his arm.

43. Radius Each arm has one radius. This bone is found in the lower arm on the thumb side.

44. Ulna You have one ulna in each arm. The ulna is the larger bone in the lower arm.

46. Bones of the hand Each hand has : Eight carpals- these form the wrist. Five metacarpals- these are found in the palm of the hand. Has fourteen Phalanges –these are the bone that form the fingers.

47. Bones of the han d

48. Bones of the leg Each leg has: Femur Patella Tibia Fibula Tarsals Metatarsals Phalanges

49. Femur The thigh bone

50. Patella Kneecap Fracture of the patella

51. Tibia Long supporting bone of lower leg, medial surface (inside or toward the middle)

53. Fibula Smaller bone of lower leg, lateral surface (outer)

54. Bones of the foot Tarsals: 7 bones of ankles Calcaneous is heel bone Metatarsals: 5 bones forming instep of foot Phalanges: 14 bones on each foot, form toes

56. Joints Areas where two or more bones join together Ligaments: connective tissue bands that hold long bones together Three main types of joints: A. Diarthrosis B. Amphiarthrosis C. Synarthrosis

57. Diarthrosis Freely movable joints A. Ball-and-socket joints of the shoulder and hip B. Hinge joints of the elbow and knee

58. Amphiarthrosis Slightly movable Example is the attachment of the ribs to the thoracic vertebrae, vertebrae, and synthesis pubis.

59. Synarthrosis Immovable Example is the cranium

60. Diseases and abnormal conditions

61. Arthritis Group of diseases involving an inflammation of the joints Two main types: osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis

62. Osteoarthritis Chronic disease that occurs with aging Symptoms: joint pain, stiffness, aching, limited range of motion Treatment: rest, heat/cold applications, aspirin, anti- inflammatory medications, steroid injections, special exercises

63. Rheumatoid arthritis Chronic inflammatory disease of connective tissues and joints Three times more common in women Often begins between ages of 35 and 45 Progressive attacks cause scar tissue formation and atrophy of bone and muscle tissue, which results in permanent deformity and immobility Treatment Rest and prescribed exercise Anti-inflammatory medications,aspirin and steroids Surgery, or arthroplasty, to replace damaged joints such as hips or knees

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65. hms.harvard.edu/.../arthritis/arthritis.html

66. Bursitis Inflammation of bursae, small fluid-filled sacs surrounding joints Frequently affects shoulders, elbows, hips, or knees Symptoms: severe pain, limited movement, accumulation of fluid in joint Treatment Pain medications and rest Injections of steroids and anesthetics into joint Aspiration (withdrawal of fluid with a needle) of joint Physical therapy to preserve joint motion

68. www.learningradiology.com/caseofweek/caseofthe weekpix2006/cow227arr.jpg

69. Fractures Involve a crack or break in a bone Types of fractures Greenstick Simple Compound Impacted Comminuted Spiral Depressed Colles

71. Greenstick Bone is bent and splits causing a crack or incomplete break Common in children Greenstick fx of the Ulna

72. Simple Complete break with no damage to skin Simple fx of the fibula

73. Simple fx of the humerus

74. Compound Break in bone that ruptures through skin; increased chance of infection

75. Graphic slide of a compound fracture

76. Ankle x-ray after repair

77. Impacted Broken bone ends jam into each other Impacted hip fx

78. Comminuted Bone fragments or splinters into more than two pieces Fibula fx

79. Spiral Severe twisting of a bone causes one or more breaks; common in skiing and skating accidents The line of fracture is a curve

80. Spiral Femur fx

81. Depressed Broken piece of skull bone moves inward: common with severe head injuries

82. Colles Breaking and dislocation of the distal radius that causes a characteristic bulge at the wrist; caused by falling on an outstretched hand

83. Colles fx of wrist

84. Reduction Process by which bone is put back into proper alignment Closed reduction: position bone in alignment, usually with traction, and apply cast or splint to maintain position Open reduction: surgical repair of bone, and, at times, insertion of pins, plates, and other devices

85. Dislocation Bone is forcibly displaced from a joint Frequently occurs in shoulders, fingers, knees, and hips Reduced and immobilized with splint, cast, or traction

87. Sprain Twisting action tears ligaments at a joint Common sites are wrists and ankles Symptoms: pain, swelling, discoloration, limited movement Treatment Rest and elevation Immobilization with elastic bandage or splint Cold applications

89. R.I.C.E. Rest Ice Compression Elevation

90. Osteomyelitis Inflammation of bone usually caused by pathogenic organism Pathogen causes formation of abscess within bone and accumulation of pus in the medullary canal Symptoms: pain at site, swelling, chills, fever Treatment is antibiotics for infection

92. Osteoporosis Metabolic disorder with increased porosity or softening of bones Etiology (1) Deficiency of hormones, especially estrogen in females (2) Prolonged lack of calcium in diet (3) Sedentary lifestyle Loss of calcium and phosphate causes bones to become porous, brittle, and prone to fracture Bone density (x-ray) tests lead to early detection and preventative treatment Treatment Increased intake of calcium and vitamin D Exercise Medications to increase bone mass Estrogen replacement

95. Ruptured disk Also called a herniated or slipped disk Intervertebral disk ruptures or protrudes out of place and causes pressure on the spinal nerve Most common site is lumbar-sacral area; can occur anywhere on spinal column Symptoms: severe pain, muscle spasm, impaired movement, and/or numbness Treatment Pain, anti-inflammatory, and muscle relaxant medications Rest and traction Physical therapy and massage therapy Chiropractic treatment Heat or cold applications Laminectomy: surgical removal of the protruding disk for severe cases

98. Abnormal curvatures of spinal column Causes: poor posture, congenital defects, structural defects of vertebrae, malnutrition, degeneration of vertebrae Treatment: Therapeutic exercises, firm mattresses, and braces Surgical repair for severe deformities Three types: Kyphosis Scoliosis Lordosis

99. Kyphosis “Hunchback" or rounded bowing of the back at the thoracic area

100. Scoliosis Side-to-side or lateral curvature of spine

101. Lordosis “Swayback" or abnormal inward curvature of lumbar vertebrae

102. THE END