1. The Skeletal System

2. How many bones are in the body?
206

3. There are 5 main functions of bones
Framework- support muscles
Protection- surrounds vital organs, etc.
Levers- attach to muscles to provide movement
Produce blood cells- red, white, and platelets
Storage- calcium

4. Parts of long bones Long bones are bones of extremities
Periosteum-tough membrane covering outside of bones
Contains osteoblasts which are special cells that form new bone tissue

5. Spongy Bone Located at the ends of long bones
Has many small, open spaces that make bones lightweight
Filled with a substance called marrow
yellow composed of fat cells
red produces red blood cells

7. Cartilage Smooth, slippery, thick layer of tissue
Covers the ends of bones
Does not contain blood vessels or minerals
Flexible and acts as a shock absorber
Makes movement easier by reducing friction

9. Two sections of a skeleton
Axial Skeleton
2. Appendicular Skeleton

10. Axial Skeleton Forms main trunk of the body
Composed of the skull, spinal column, ribs, and sternum

11. Appendicular Skeleton
Forms extremities (arms and legs)
Composed of shoulder girdle, arm bones, pelvic girdle, and leg bones

12. Skull
Composed of cranial and facial bones

13. Cranium Spherical structure that surrounds and protects the brain
At birth, the cranium is not solid bone
Spaces are called fontanels “soft spots” that allow for brain growth
Turns into solid bone by 18 months
Composed of 8 bones
Frontal
Two parietal
Two temporal
Occipital
Ethmoid
Sphenoid

14. Facial bones Fourteen facial bones Main bones of the face
Mandible: lower jaw
Maxilla: two bones forming upper jaw
Zygomatic: two cheek bones
Nasal: five bones in upper part of nose
Lacrimal: two bones at inner aspect of eyes
Palatine: two bones of hard palate or roof of mouth

15. Areas where cranial bones have joined together
Sutures
Areas where cranial bones have joined together

17. Sinuses Air spaces in the bones of the skull
Act as a resonating chamber for the voice
Lined with mucous membranes

18. Foramina (Foramen)
Openings in the bones
Allow nerves and blood vessels to enter or leave bone

19. Vertebrae
Spinal column is composed of 26 bones called vertebrae
Protects the spinal cord
Provides support for head and trunk

20. Main sections of vertebral column:
Cervical: 7 neck vertebrae
Thoracic: 12 vertebrae in back of chest, attached to ribs
Lumbar: 5 vertebrae by waist
Sacrum: 1 large vertebra on back of pelvic girdle
Coccyx: 1 fused vertebra called “tailbone”

21. Intervertebral disks
Pads of cartilage tissue that separate vertebrae
Act as shock absorbers
Permit bending and twisting movements of vertebral column

23. 12 pairs of long, slender bones
Ribs (costae)
12 pairs of long, slender bones
Attach to thoracic vertebrae on dorsal surface of body

24. True ribs False ribs Floating ribs First 7 pairs of ribs
Attach directly to sternum on front of body
False ribs
Next 5 pairs of ribs
First three pairs attach to cartilage of rib above
Floating ribs
Last 2 pairs of false ribs
No attachment on front of body

25. Sternum “Breastbone” Consists of three parts
Manubrium or upper region
Gladiolus: body or center area
Xiphoid process: small piece of cartilage at bottom (landmark for chest compressions)
Two clavicles attach to the manubrium by ligaments
Ribs attach to sternum with cartilage

26. Shoulder or pectoral girdle
Two clavicles or “collarbones”
Two scapulas or “shoulder bones”
Scapula provides for attachment of upper arm bone

27. Bones of the arm Humerus: upper arm bone
Radius: lower arm bone on thumb side that rotates around ulna to allow the hand to turn freely
Ulna: larger bone of lower arm that contains a projection called the olecranon process at upper end, forming “elbow”

28. Wrist and hands Carpals: 8 wrist bones on each hand
Metacarpals: 5 bones on each hand to form palm
Phalanges:
14 bones on each hand to form a thumb and fingers
3 on each finger
2 on each thumb

29. Pelvic Girdle Made of two os coxae or “hip bones”
Join with sacrum on dorsal part of body
Join together at a joint called the symphysis pubis on ventral part of body

31. Each os coxae is made of three bones that are fused or joined
Ilium
Ischium
Pubis
Contains 2 recessed areas or sockets called acetabulum that provide for attachment of smooth rounded head of the femur
Obturator foramen
Opening between the ischium and pubis
Allows for passage of nerves and blood vessels to and from the legs

33. Bones of the legs Femur: Thigh bone Patella: Knee cap
Tibia: Larger weight bearing bone of lower leg. Commonly called the “shin bone”
Fibula: slender smaller bone of the lower leg that attaches to the proximal end of the tibia

34. Ankles and Feet Tarsals: 7 bones of ankles Calcaneous- Heel bone
Metatarsals: 5 bones forming instep of foot
Phalanges
14 bones on each foot
Form the toes
2 on each great toe
3 on each of other toes

35. Joints

36. Joints Ligaments: areas where 2 or more bones join together
connective tissue bands that hold long bones together

37. 3 Main Types of Joints Diarthrosis or synovial Freely movable
Ex: “Ball-and-socket joints” of the shoulder and hip
Ex: Hinge joints of the elbow and knee

38. 2. Amphiarthrosis 3. Synarthrosis Slightly movable
Ex: is the attachment of the ribs to the thoracic vertebrae
Ex: symphysis pubis or joint between two pelvic bones
3. Synarthrosis
Immovable
Examples are the suture joints of the cranium

39. Diseases and Abnormal Conditions

40. Group of diseases involving an inflammation of the joints
Arthritis
Group of diseases involving an inflammation of the joints

41. Two main types:
Osteoarthritis
Chronic disease that occurs with aging
Symptoms: Joint pain, stiffness, aching, limited range of motion
Treatment: rest, heat/cold applications, ASA, anti-inflammatory medications, steroid injections, special exercises

42. 2. Rheumatoid
Chronic inflammatory disease of joints
Three times more common in women
Often begins between age 35-45
Scar tissue forms and atrophy of bone and muscle occurs
Permanent deformity and immobility
Treatment:
Rest and prescribed exercise
Anti-inflammatory medications: ASA and steroids
Surgery, or arthroplasty to replace damaged joints such as hips or knees

44. Inflammation of bursae, (small fluid-filled sacs surrounding joints)
Bursitis
Inflammation of bursae, (small fluid-filled sacs surrounding joints)

45. Bursitis frequently affects shoulders, elbows, hips, or knees
Symptoms:
Severe pain, limited movement, accumulation of fluid in joint
Treatment:
Pain medications and rest
Injections of steroids and anesthetics into joint
Aspiration of joint
Physical therapy to preserve joint motion

48. A crack or break in a bone
Fractures
A crack or break in a bone

49. Types of fractures:
Greenstick: bone is bent and splits, causing a crack or an incomplete break: common in children
Simple: complete break with no damage to skin
Compound: break in bone that ruptures through skin; increased chance of infection

50. Types of fractures, cont…
Impacted: broken fragments; or splinters into more than two pieces
Spiral: severe twisting of a bone causing one or more breaks: common in skiing and skating accidents
Depressed: broken piece of skull bone moves inward
Colles: breaking and dislocation of the distal radius that causes a characteristic bulge at the wrist, caused by falling with outstretched hand.

51. Compound Fracture

55. Greenstick

56. Simple Fracture

58. Spiral Fracture

59. Impacted Fracture

60. Depressed

63. Process by which bone is put back into proper alignment
Reduction
Process by which bone is put back into proper alignment
Closed reduction: position bone in alignment, usually with traction, and apply cast or splint to maintain position
Open reduction: surgical repair of bone and, at times, insertion of pins, plates, and other devices.

64. ORIF (Open Reduction Internal Fixation)

65. Bone is forcibly displaced from a joint
Disclocation
Bone is forcibly displaced from a joint
Frequently occurs in shoulders, fingers, knees, and hips
Reduced and immobilized with splint, cast or traction

69. Twisting action tears ligaments at a joint
Sprain
Twisting action tears ligaments at a joint
Common sites are wrists and ankles
Symptoms: pain, swelling, discoloration, limited movement
Treatment: rest and elevations, immobilization with elastic bandage or splint, cold applications.

70. Inflammation of bone usually caused by pathogenic organism
Osteomyelitis
Inflammation of bone usually caused by pathogenic organism
Pathogen causes formation of abscess within bone and accumulation of pus in medullary canal
Symptoms: pain at site, swelling, chills, fever
Treatment: antibiotics for infection

71. Metabolic disorder with increased porosity or softening of bones
Osteoporosis
Metabolic disorder with increased porosity or softening of bones
Causes
Deficiency of hormones, especially estrogen in females
Prolonged lack of calcium in diet
Sedentary lifestyle
Tx: Increased intake of Ca and Vit D, exercise, medications such as Fosamax and Citracel, Estrogen replacement

73. Ruptured disk (herniated)
Interbertebral disk ruptures or protrudes out of place and causes pressure on the spinal nerve
Most common site is lumbrosacral area: can occur anywhere on spinal column

74. Symptoms: severe pain, muscle spasm, impaired movement, and/or numbness
Treatment:
Pain, anti-inflammatory, and muscle relaxant medications
Rest and traction
Physical and Massage therapy
Chiropractic treatment
Heat or cold applications
Laminectomy: surgical removal of the protruding disk for severe cases
Severe cases, spinal fusion can be performed to insert a screw/rod

75. Abnormal curvatures of spinal column
Kyphosis: “hunchback” bowing of thoracic area
Scoliosis: side to side, or lateral curvature of spine
Lordosis: swayback, inward curvature of lumbar spine

76. Kyphosis

77. Scoliosis

78. Lordosis

80. Causes of abnormal curvatures of spine:
Poor posture
Congenital defects
Structural defects
Malnutrition
Treatment:
Therapeutic exercises, firm mattresses, and braces
Surgical repair for severe deformities