1. Morphology II (Lexical categories) Do you know grammar better than a 5 th grader?

2. Quiz Time!  1. How many morphemes does the word “pumpkin” have?  2. How many morphemes does the word “sailor” have?  3. Name all of the bound morpheme(s) in the word “sailor.”  4. Name all of the free morpheme(s) in the word “sailor.”  5. “A” is conventionally used as an article preceding words that begin with a consonant (a banana). “An” is conventionally used as an article preceding words that begin with a vowel (an apple). Are “a” and “an” allomorphs?  1. How many morphemes does the word “pumpkin” have?  2. How many morphemes does the word “sailor” have?  3. Name all of the bound morpheme(s) in the word “sailor.”  4. Name all of the free morpheme(s) in the word “sailor.”  5. “A” is conventionally used as an article preceding words that begin with a consonant (a banana). “An” is conventionally used as an article preceding words that begin with a vowel (an apple). Are “a” and “an” allomorphs?

3. Affixes An affix is a bound morpheme that attaches to a base (usually a free) morpheme.  Pre fix: (Affix+base) Attaches to the front of the base. Examples: Post mortem, in comprehensible, pro pose, de code.  Suf fix: (base+affix) Attaches to the end of the base. Examples: cat s, fluff y, lov able, wizard ry  In fix : (base+affix+same base) Attaches within a morpheme. Uncommon in English, except in expressive language. Example: kanga-bloody-roo, woopty-freaking-do  Circum fix: (affix+base+same affix) A single morpheme that attaches on both sides of a morpheme. English doesn’t have any of these. An affix is a bound morpheme that attaches to a base (usually a free) morpheme.  Pre fix: (Affix+base) Attaches to the front of the base. Examples: Post mortem, in comprehensible, pro pose, de code.  Suf fix: (base+affix) Attaches to the end of the base. Examples: cat s, fluff y, lov able, wizard ry  In fix : (base+affix+same base) Attaches within a morpheme. Uncommon in English, except in expressive language. Example: kanga-bloody-roo, woopty-freaking-do  Circum fix: (affix+base+same affix) A single morpheme that attaches on both sides of a morpheme. English doesn’t have any of these.

4. Fix it up! Engaged En#gage#ed Prefix+base+suffix Engaged En#gage#ed Prefix+base+suffix

5. Fix it up! Break up the following and label affixes  Disguise  Writing  Unreadable  Irrelevant  Beautified  Disguise  Writing  Unreadable  Irrelevant  Beautified

6. Grammar Review  What’s a noun?  What’s a verb?  What’s an adjective?  What’s a preposition?  What’s a pronoun?  What’s an article?  What’s a conjunction?  What’s an adverb? These are all lexical categories. Identifying the lexical (word) category of the base (and root) morpheme and resulting word is necessary to understanding the structure of the word.  What’s a noun?  What’s a verb?  What’s an adjective?  What’s a preposition?  What’s a pronoun?  What’s an article?  What’s a conjunction?  What’s an adverb? These are all lexical categories. Identifying the lexical (word) category of the base (and root) morpheme and resulting word is necessary to understanding the structure of the word.

7. Word trees Adjective Affix un Adjective happy

8. More Word Trees!

9. Derivation The creation of a whole new word by adding an affix. It creates a meaning distinct from (but related to) its base. Examples: Sailor, writer, antithesis, redo, hospitalize There are phonological rules that govern what affixes can be applied to what words. You wouldn’t hear words like farmant or smallen, but farmer and shorten are perfectly ok. This is because {-ant} tends to combine with Latin-origin words, and {-en} combines with monosyllable words that end in an obstruent (stop, fricative, affricative). Class 1 affixes change the form of a word (-y, -ion, -ity) (see p.127 for more examples) in terms of stress, pronunciation, or spelling. Sanity, democracy, partial, productive Class 2 affixes have no affect on the base. Selfish, worker, mindless The creation of a whole new word by adding an affix. It creates a meaning distinct from (but related to) its base. Examples: Sailor, writer, antithesis, redo, hospitalize There are phonological rules that govern what affixes can be applied to what words. You wouldn’t hear words like farmant or smallen, but farmer and shorten are perfectly ok. This is because {-ant} tends to combine with Latin-origin words, and {-en} combines with monosyllable words that end in an obstruent (stop, fricative, affricative). Class 1 affixes change the form of a word (-y, -ion, -ity) (see p.127 for more examples) in terms of stress, pronunciation, or spelling. Sanity, democracy, partial, productive Class 2 affixes have no affect on the base. Selfish, worker, mindless

10. Compounding Joining two free morphemes (whole words) to form a new word.  Bluebird, textbook, chalkboard, outbid, breakdance, suitcase, eggnog The lexical category of the final morpheme (called the head ) in the word usually determines the whole word’s lexical category. So, overgrow is a verb, overgrowth is a noun, overgrown is an adjective. Additionally, the head usually decides the meaning of the word. So, breakdance is a type of dance, chalkboard is a type of board, bluebird is a type of bird…these are called endocentric compounds. Exocentric compounds are compounds that are NOT decided by the head (nor necessarily by the other morpheme either): pickpocket, bigmouth, redneck. Joining two free morphemes (whole words) to form a new word.  Bluebird, textbook, chalkboard, outbid, breakdance, suitcase, eggnog The lexical category of the final morpheme (called the head ) in the word usually determines the whole word’s lexical category. So, overgrow is a verb, overgrowth is a noun, overgrown is an adjective. Additionally, the head usually decides the meaning of the word. So, breakdance is a type of dance, chalkboard is a type of board, bluebird is a type of bird…these are called endocentric compounds. Exocentric compounds are compounds that are NOT decided by the head (nor necessarily by the other morpheme either): pickpocket, bigmouth, redneck.

11. Inflection The modification of a word or the addition of affixes to convey grammatical information like tense and case.  -s, ’s, -ing, -ed, -er, –est  My cat’s bowl is on the floor. (How many cats?)  My cats’ bowl is on the floor. (How many cats?) Tense refers to grammatical information about time. In English, tense affects verbs (walks, walked, walking, will walk, had been walking…) Case refers to grammatical information about the role the word plays in the sentence—direct object, subject, indirect object… English has very limited case inflections. He/him, I/me, who/whom, they/them. But, languages like Latin have many more (Latin has 7 cases). In languages without many cases, word order is more important to determine the grammatical role of words. The modification of a word or the addition of affixes to convey grammatical information like tense and case.  -s, ’s, -ing, -ed, -er, –est  My cat’s bowl is on the floor. (How many cats?)  My cats’ bowl is on the floor. (How many cats?) Tense refers to grammatical information about time. In English, tense affects verbs (walks, walked, walking, will walk, had been walking…) Case refers to grammatical information about the role the word plays in the sentence—direct object, subject, indirect object… English has very limited case inflections. He/him, I/me, who/whom, they/them. But, languages like Latin have many more (Latin has 7 cases). In languages without many cases, word order is more important to determine the grammatical role of words.

12. Review  What is it called when you add an affix to a word to create a whole new word like “inside”?  What is the name of an affix that comes after the base?  Are affixes usually bound or free morphemes?  What is the name of an affix that occurs within a free morpheme?  What lexical category is the word “but”? “green”? “Caramelize”?  What is it called when you put two free morphemes together to form a whole new word like “football”?  Is “football” exocentric or endocentric?  If I modify the word “go” to “going”  What is it called when you add an affix to a word to create a whole new word like “inside”?  What is the name of an affix that comes after the base?  Are affixes usually bound or free morphemes?  What is the name of an affix that occurs within a free morpheme?  What lexical category is the word “but”? “green”? “Caramelize”?  What is it called when you put two free morphemes together to form a whole new word like “football”?  Is “football” exocentric or endocentric?  If I modify the word “go” to “going”