1. Section 1 The High Middle Ages

2. Section 1 The High Middle Ages Click the icon to play Listen to History audio. Click the icon below to connect to the Interactive Maps.

3. Section 1 The High Middle Ages Jerusalem in control of North African Muslims, Fatimids, late 1000s Turkish Muslims took control of Persia, other lands, persecuted Christians visiting region Turks attacked Byzantine Empire, destroyed army, 1071 Emperor turned to Western Europe, Pope Urban II, for help Muslims Control Holy Land European Christians launched series of religious wars, Crusades, in Middle Ages Goal to take Jerusalem, Holy Land, away from Muslims Jerusalem site of Holy Temple of Jews, also where Jesus crucified, buried, was to come again Vital to Christians to control city Goal of Crusades Launching the Crusades

4. Section 1 The High Middle Ages The Council of Clermont Pope Urban II called church leaders to council in Clermont, France Described dangers faced by Byzantines Called on Christian warriors to put aside differences, fight against Turks –Effective call to arms –Hundreds of knights, nobles volunteered for Crusade –Set out to meet foes with slogan “God wills it!”

5. Section 1 The High Middle Ages Crusaders left France in 1096 in First Crusade. In all, nine Crusades set out between 1096 and 1291 to claim or protect the Holy Land. Crusaders in two groups, peasants and knights Unskilled peasants answered Pope’s call –Eager to fight non-Christians in Holy Land –On the way attacked and slaughtered German Jews despite protests –Fell to Seljuk Turkish army at Jerusalem First Crusade Better trained in warfare than peasants, but unprepared for hardship of journey Traveled three years Siege of Jerusalem victory for Crusaders, disaster for city Renamed four states in Holy Land, intended to be strongholds against future Muslim conquests Knights Fighting the Crusades

6. Section 1 The High Middle Ages Third Crusade New leader arose in Muslim world, 1177 Salah ad-Din, known to Europeans as Saladin Overthrew Fatimids, took title of sultan Set out to take back Crusader states, succeeded, drove European Christians out of Jerusalem Second Crusade Muslims began retaking lands lost in First Crusade Took city of Edessa, capital of one Crusader state, 1144 European leaders called for Second Crusade, launched in 1147 Second Crusade a failure, took no lands from Muslims

7. Section 1 The High Middle Ages Three Kings Richard, Philip, Frederick set out from Europe on Third Crusade Frederick was killed, Philip quarreled with Richard, returned home Only King Richard the Lion-Hearted of England fought in Holy Land Fierce Fighting Richard, Saladin fought fiercely for control of Holy Land Richard won several battles, not able to drive Muslims out of Holy Land Richard could not take Jerusalem, had to return to England Mutual Respect Richard, Saladin admired each other as military leaders, gentlemen Made proposals for peace, including marriage alliance of Richard’s sister, Saladin’s brother; never took place because of religious differences Third Crusade

8. Section 1 The High Middle Ages Fourth Crusade, 1201 Jerusalem still in Muslim hands Crusaders could not pay Venetians to take them to Holy Land In lieu of payment, Crusaders agreed to attack Zara Constantinople Crusaders pushed on Attacked Christian city of Constantinople Ransacked city, made one leader new emperor Zara Zara once belonged to Venice, now held by Christian king of Hungary Pope angered that Christian city attacked, excommunicated all More Failures Disorganization, lack of leadership made Fourth Crusade failure Five other Crusades followed, none successful Fourth and Later Crusades

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12. The High Middle Ages Economic Changes Historic evidence of trade between Muslims, Byzantines, Europeans prior to Crusades Crusades enhanced existing trade Returning Crusaders brought more goods, spices, textiles, to Europe Increase in trade added to changing European economy during Middle Ages Crusades led to deaths of many knights, nobles Lands left vulnerable Other ambitious nobles took control of unoccupied lands Nobles then had more power, influence in Europe Political Changes Some Europeans respected other cultures, others intolerant Many viewed non-Christians as enemies, persecuted Jews Holy Land Jews saw Crusaders as cruel invaders Relations strained for centuries Social Changes Effects of the Crusades

13. Section 1 The High Middle Ages