1. Phrases and Clauses

2. What Is a Phrase? A phrase is a group of words that stand together as a single unit, typically as part of a clause or a sentence. A phrase does not contain a subject and verb and, consequently, cannot convey a complete thought.

3. Examples I stopped believing in Santa Clause when my mother took me to see him in a department store, and he asked for my autograph. (Shirley Temple) – This phrase acts like a noun. It is the direct object of the verb stopped. This phrase is a gerund phrase.

4. I stopped believing in Santa Claus when my mother took me to see him in a department store, and he asked for my autograph. – This phrase acts like a noun. It is the subject of the adverbial clause when my mother took me to see him in a department store. – This phrase acts like a noun. It is the object of the preposition for. – This phrase acts like an adverb. It tells us where the activity took place. It is an adverb of place.

5. Independent Clauses An independent clause is a group of words that contains a subject and verb and expresses a complete thought. An independent clause is a sentence: – Jim studied in the Sweet Shop for his chemistry quiz.

6. Dependent Clause A dependent clause is a group of words that contains a subject and verb but does not express a complete thought. A dependent clause cannot be a sentence. Often a dependent clause is marked by a dependent marker word. When Jim studied in the Sweet Shop for his chemistry quiz... (What happened when he studied? The thought is incomplete.)

7. Dependent Marker Word A dependent marker word is a word added to the beginning of an independent clause that makes it into a dependent clause. When Jim studied in the Sweet Shop for his chemistry quiz, it was very noisy.

8. Dependent Marker Word Some common dependent markers are: after, although, as, as if, because, before, even if, even though, if, in order to, since, though, unless, until, whatever, when, whenever, whether, and while.

9. Coordinating Conjunctions The seven coordinating conjunctions used as connecting words at the beginning of an independent clause are and, but, for, or, nor, so, and yet. When the second independent clause in a sentence begins with a coordinating conjunction, a comma is needed before the coordinating conjunction: – Jim studied in the Sweet Shop for his chemistry quiz, but it was hard to concentrate because of the noise.

10. Sentence Types Simple – 1 Independent Clause Compound – 2 or more Independent Clauses Complex – 1 Independent clause and 1 or more dependent clauses. Compound Complex – 2 or more independent clauses and 1 or more dependent clauses.

11. Instructions Underline the INDEPENDENT CLAUSE Put [brackets] around the DEPENDENT CLAUSE Write down what type of sentence you think it is: simple, compound, complex, or compound complex.

12. Write down the sentence, underline independent clauses, and [bracket dependent clauses] if necessary. Then tell me what type of sentence it is! He is smart, but Mrs. Powers is smarter.

13. Write down the sentence, underline independent clauses, and [bracket dependent clauses] if necessary. Then tell me what type of sentence it is! Odysseus is an epic hero.

14. Write down the sentence, underline independent clauses, and [bracket dependent clauses] if necessary. Then tell me what type of sentence it is! Even though Coach Welborn is smart, she likes to have fun.

15. Write down the sentence, underline independent clauses, and [bracket dependent clauses] if necessary. Then tell me what type of sentence it is! Polyphemus couldn’t keep his eye on Odysseus, and he paid the price.

16. Write down the sentence, underline independent clauses, and [bracket dependent clauses] if necessary. Then tell me what type of sentence it is! Because Mrs. Powers loved books so much, she read all Saturday.

17. Write down the sentence, underline independent clauses, and [bracket dependent clauses] if necessary. Then tell me what type of sentence it is! I like to ride unicorns through rainbows, and I enjoy magic carpet rides, too.

18. Write down the sentence, underline independent clauses, and [bracket dependent clauses] if necessary. Then tell me what type of sentence it is! Time travel is dangerous, and it can change the future.

19. Write down the sentence, underline independent clauses, and [bracket dependent clauses] if necessary. Then tell me what type of sentence it is! Even though Odysseus is crafty, his pride made him taunt Polyphemus, and several men died as a result.

20. Write down the sentence, underline independent clauses, and [bracket dependent clauses] if necessary. Then tell me what type of sentence it is! Kanye likes Kim because of her character and wit.

21. Write down the sentence, underline independent clauses, and [bracket dependent clauses] if necessary. Then tell me what type of sentence it is! Everyone should read the works of Brian Jacques.

22. Write down the sentence, underline independent clauses, and [bracket dependent clauses] if necessary. Then tell me what type of sentence it is! In order to appreciate books, you should always have a book to read!

23. Write down the sentence, underline independent clauses, and [bracket dependent clauses] if necessary. Then tell me what type of sentence it is! Mr. Heaton’s wife can make a mean cupcake, and she can also bake a killer lasagna.

24. Write down the sentence, underline independent clauses, and [bracket dependent clauses] if necessary. Then tell me what type of sentence it is! Mr. Heaton’s wife can make a mean cupcake and bake a killer lasagna.

25. Write down the sentence, underline independent clauses, and [bracket dependent clauses] if necessary. Then tell me what type of sentence it is! Even though the Hobbit has odd creatures and magical events, it is a spectacular story to read since it has nonstop action.

26. Write down the sentence, underline independent clauses, and [bracket dependent clauses] if necessary. Then tell me what type of sentence it is! Coach Welborn has a remarkable amount of charm and is an excellent teacher.

27. Write down the sentence, underline independent clauses, and [bracket dependent clauses] if necessary. Then tell me what type of sentence it is! Mrs. Powers likes to eat sushi, and she thinks chopsticks are cool.

28. Write down the sentence, underline independent clauses, and [bracket dependent clauses] if necessary. Then tell me what type of sentence it is! Because it always gets stuck in her teeth, Mrs. Powers avoids eating popcorn.

29. Write down the sentence, underline independent clauses, and [bracket dependent clauses] if necessary. Then tell me what type of sentence it is! If you read Ender’s Game, you’ll like reading.

30. Write down the sentence, underline independent clauses, and [bracket dependent clauses] if necessary. Then tell me what type of sentence it is! I like eating chips, but I think french fries are better.

31. Write down the sentence, underline independent clauses, and [bracket dependent clauses] if necessary. Then tell me what type of sentence it is! While I slept last night, I had dreams about unicorns and dragons because I ate Thai food for dinner.