1. Bismarck: Blood and Iron Napoleon: Order, Security, Efficiency French Captain convicted of treason because he was a Jew Movement for a Jewish Homeland Bellringer What is Zionism? Who was Alfred Dreyfus? What was the slogan for Otto Von Bismarck? Napoleon?

2. It is the responsibility of the Europeans to civilize the “barbaric” natives of the colonies Need natural resources and new markets When a stronger nation takes over a weaker nation. Industrialized= stronger Bellringer What is Imperialism? What are the economic reasons for imperialism? What does the White Man’s burden mean?

3. Write it out: Explain why the British sold Opium to the Chinese and the impact of that trade.

4. The New Imperialism 1800-1914

5. Industrial Revolution The Industrial Revolution had strengthened Western Powers and given them confidence. This led to aggressive expansion called The New Imperialism. 1870-1914 was the most active time of the Imperialistic activity. Who are the Western Powers? Britain, Spain, Germany, Italy, America, Russia, France, etc

6. Imperialism Domination by one country of the political, economic or cultural life of another country or region A strong nation takes over a weak nation What made these Western nations so much stronger than the others? They had industrialized

7. Motives Three main causes: -Economic -Political/ Military -Humanitarian

8. Economic 1.Booming industry needed natural resources and raw materials for manufactured goods. Materials such as Rubber, Petroleum, cotton and cocoa were needed in vast quantities. 2.The new factories could produce large quantities of goods. The Europeans needed new markets to sell their goods.

9. Political/Military As new markets opened around the world, steam ships were relied on to quickly transport goods. However, the new steam powered ships needed safe ports to get more coal and supplies. Both merchant and military ships would access these safe harbors. British naval bases 2011

10. Humanitarianism Some felt it was a duty to spread the blessings of Western Civilization such as medicine, law, and Christianity. “Take up the White Man’s Burden Send forth the best ye breed Go bind your sons to exile To serve your captives’ need; To wait in heavy harness On fluttered folk and wild Your new-caught, sullen peoples Half-devil and half-child.” -Rudyard Kipling How do you think the natives felt about this perception as outlined in “The White Man’s Burden”?

11. Social Darwinism The social view applied to Charles Darwin’s theory of Survival of the Fittest. It states that the strongest nations will survive while others perish. To Social Darwinists, expansion was simply nature’s way of improving the human species, with Europeans being superior. **These ideas have promoted Racism**

12. Why did Imperialism work? Two parts: 1)Old civilizations were declining including the largest empires: a)The Ottomans in the Middle East b)Mughals in India c)Qing in China d)West African nations 2) Western Civilizations had industrialized and had a) Strong economies with well organized governments b) Medical knowledge to survive tropical diseases c) Superior gun power, such as the Maxim machine gun

13. Imperial Control There were 3 types of imperial control 1) Colonies 2) Protectorates 3) Spheres of influence

14. Colonies Colonies were run by governors sent by the host country to control the region directly Colonies were costly and often required a large occupying force to ensure absolute control over the region. Think of the US colonies owned by Britain in the 16 th and 17 th centuries. These colonies were often occupied by British troops to maintain order and Enforce taxes.

15. Protectorates Local rulers are left in power but they had to accept the “advice” of the European Advisors on issues such as taxes, trade and foreign relations. Protectorates are less costly because they only require a minimal military commitment, unless there is a crisis or revolt.

16. Spheres of Influence An area in which an outside power claims exclusive investment and trading privileges. The goal is to prevent conflict with other western powers. The Americans claimed a Sphere of Influence over all of Latin America with the Monroe Doctrine What is Latin America? -Anything South of the US (Mexico, Central and South America)

17. British Imperialism Some nations were VERY good at imperialism. Britain is an example. Their imperialistic achievements included areas around the world prompting the phrase: The Sun never sets on the British Empire Imperialism: when a STRONGER nation takes over a weaker nation. Remember, size doesn’t matter, its all about industrialization

18. The 19th century term “White Man’s Burden” reflects the idea that 1. Asians and Africans were equal to Europeans 2. Asians and Africans would be grateful for European help 3. imperialism was opposed by most Europeans 4. Europeans had a responsibility to improve the lives of the colonial peoples Review

19. In the past, European nations have conquered other lands, made them into colonies, and controlled their economies. Which term refers to the situation described in this statement? 1. Socialism 2. Isolationism 3. Imperialism 4. monotheism

20. Throughout the 1800’s, an increased need for both raw materials and new markets for manufactured goods led various European nations to pursue policies of 1.Imperialism 2.Socialism 3.Isolationism 4.communism Review

21. Take up the White Man’s burden— Send forth the best ye breed Go bind your sons to exile To serve your captives’ need; To wait, in heavy harness, On fluttered folk and wild— Your new-caught, sullen peoples, Half-devil and half-child. --Rudyard Kipling, “The White Man’s Burden” The phrase “White Man’s burden” in this excerpt refers to the 1. Negative attitude of Europeans toward peoples of the non-Western world 2. Advantages Europeans would gain by colonizing Africa, Asia, and Latin America 3. Positive role of the Roman Catholic Church in Africa and Asia 4. Challenges non-Europeans faced when trading with the Europeans Review

22. African Imperialism

23. The Dark Land Most of Africa was unknown to the Europeans in the 1800’s. They had just explored the outer edges through the ports where they traded goods for slaves. Europeans prior to the 1800s could not survive the tropical disease rampant in Africa. As European nations began to outlaw slavery, the slave trade died down. This prompted Europeans to begin exploring the interior lands of Africa.

24. Africa Before Imperialism Africa was a very diverse land with hundreds of languages and cultures. Societies ranged from centralized government states, to village communities, to nomadic hunter-gatherer societies. However, Africa was full of natural resources and raw materials, making it an ideal target.

25. North Africa Fertile lands of the Mediterranean region, and the Sahara desert. Various tribes controlled the region South Africa Southern Tip including the Cape of Good Hope. Controlled by the Zulus and Boers East Africa Eastern Coast and Red Sea allowed successful trading empire based on selling African Slaves West Africa Grassy plains and forests. Predominately a Muslim area loosely ruled by the Asante kingdom

26. Sierra Leone, 1787 One of the first colonies in Africa was set up by the British. However, it was not meant as a imperial location for the British. Instead, it was a destination for freed slaves from Europe and the Americas. What do you notice about its location? It is on the coast. Set up prior to the 1800’s before European exploration.

27. Exploring Africa Explorers began by following the majors African rivers: Nile, Congo, and Niger

28. Livingston and Stanley Dr. David Livingstone explored Africa for 30 years, writing about the people and cultures he saw. He promoted the end of slavery and hoped to see the interior of Africa opened to the world trade system. In 1871, after many years of silence from Livingston, Henry Stanley went in search of the explorer. Upon finding him he greeted him with “Dr. Livingston, I presume?”

29. African Scramble Prior to the scramble there was limited European influence in Africa. This all changed in 1884

30. Berlin Conference 1884 The Europeans powers meet to discuss the division of Africa. No Africans were invited. At the conference they decide: - a European power cannot claim a part of Africa unless they have set up a government office. This conference starts the rush for Africa. European nations send officials to begin exerting control and maintaining a presence in certain areas.

31. The Scramble In 20 years, most of Africa was under imperial control. The exceptions: Ethiopia and Liberia The English and French controlled a majority of Africa 3:25- 6:34

32. Africans fight back Some African nations fought back, but were mostly unsuccessful. Only Ethiopia and Liberia successfully remained independent. Ethiopia is an ancient Christian Kingdom. King Menelik II reformed the nation in the 1800s, building roads, bridges, and purchasing weapons from Europe. When Italy invaded in 1896 Ethiopia was ready and fought them off.

33. Zulu Resistance As the British continued to push into South Africa they encountered the militaristic tribe of the Zulu. The Zulu won some early victories but eventually fell to the British who had superior technology and more resources.

34. The Boer War 1899-1902 The English acquired Cape Colony from the Dutch. The original Dutch settlers, the Boers, resented British rule and moved north of the colony. In the new settlements they found Gold. The British and the Boers both laid claim to the gold, sparking a war between the two. The British won and united the Boer republic and Cape Colony into the Union of South Africa with a new constitution. This new constitution set up Apartheid- a system of strict racial segregation.

35. Suez Canal After Muhammad Ali reformed Egypt and entered the World Trade market, French entrepreneur Cecil John Rhodes, built the Suez Canal. The canal links the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea. It opened in 1869 The British soon extended its control over Egypt to control the canal. What is the importance of the canal?

36. Which is an accurate statement about the partitioning of Africa by European imperialist nations during the 1800’s? 1. new nations were based on old tribal boundaries 2. the cultural and ethnic diversity of the African people was disregarded 3. the continent was divided equally among the colonial powers 4. African unity was encouraged Review

37. After 1880, European nations sought colonies in Africa primarily because the Europeans were 1. in need of land for their surplus populations 2. competing for raw materials and markets 3. determined to bring Christianity to the Moslem world 4. interested in completing their geographic knowledge of the world Review

38. The 19th century term “White Man’s Burden” reflects the idea that 1. Asians and Africans were equal to Europeans 2. Asians and Africans would be grateful for European help 3. imperialism was opposed by most Europeans 4. Europeans had a responsibility to improve the lives of the colonial peoples Review

39. In the past, European nations have conquered other lands, made them into colonies, and controlled their economies. Which term refers to the situation described in this statement? 1. socialism 2. isolationism 3. imperialism 4. monotheism Review

40. During the 18th and 19th centuries, increased contact between Europe and the continents of Africa, Asia, and South America resulted in 1. closer cultural cooperation between Europe and these continents 2. the exploitation of the labor and resources of these continents 3. a return to the political and economic systems of feudal Europe 4. preservation of the rights of the indigenous peoples Review

41. During the 18th and 19th centuries, Europeans improved roads and bridges and built railroads in their colonies primarily to 1. provide jobs for the colonists 2. obtain raw materials needed for industrialization 3. impress the colonists with their technological knowledge 4. help missionaries spread Christianity Review

42. On your maps Label the following: -South Africa -Suez Canal -Red Sea -Sahara -Mediterranean sea -Cape of Good Hope

43. Imperialism in India and China Imperialism is when a stronger nation takes over a weaker nation

44. Declining Empires Many empires were in decline in the early 1800s, the Muslim led empires were no exception: 1) Mughals of India 2) Ottomans of the mid-East 3) Safavids of Iran

45. Review= Ottoman Empire The Muslim religion soon gained many followers, who swept out of the middle east to create vast empires. One of the most successful was the Ottoman Empire, which was able to conquer the Byzantine Empire, and capitol city of Constantinople.

46. Ottoman’s Decline The Ottoman empire was controlled by power-hungry provincial rulers, which weakened the authority of the central government. Ottoman Empire was composed of diverse ethnicities  nationalism sparked revolts The capital city was Istanbul, but many still called it Constantinople. This is the time period when the name change took place, remember that Byzantium= Constantinople=Istanbul Depending who is ruling, names change *Present day Turkey*

47. Armenian (Christian) Massacre The Ottoman empire allowed many minorities to live throughout the empire and practice their own faiths. But as Nationalism grows, tolerance weakened These tensions triggered a massacre of the Armenians, a Christian group concentrated in the mountains of the Ottoman Empire. The Turks accused the Armenians of plotting with Russians against the Ottoman Empire. Over one million were killed between the 1890s and 1910s As the power of the empire weakens, they are looking for someone to blame. What do we call these people? Scapegoats

48. Genocide The Armenian massacre is an act of genocide, nearly 1 million perished. Genocide has occurred in many regions, in many time periods, including today: Rwanda Darfur (Sudan) Bosnia Congo Uganda Genocide- deliberate attempt to destroy a religious/ethnic group

49. British in India Though the Mughals were in charge of India, the British began exerting control in the 1600s. (Protectorate)The British started the British East India company to oversee their trading empire in India. The main goal of the British was to make money, but they also had a positive side effect: -built roads to improve transportation -built railroads to move goods and people faster -founded schools to promote western thought Why would the schools in India be promoting western thought? They can promote western values to the children, who grow up believing it

50. Why India? Remember the three motives for imperialism: -Economic (hungry) -Political (King Kong) -Humanitarian Which motive does this image demonstrate?

51. British Missionaries Missionaries tried to convert Indians away from their religions (___________) and ( ______________). -Wanted to end slavery and the caste system -Outlawed the sati- a suicide by a widow upon her husband’s death fire. Missionaries spread Christianity and worked to ‘civilize’ the Indians. HinduismBuddhism

52. Officially outlawed 1829 “Comprehending why a woman would choose to commit sati, however, requires the removal of our western lenses. The act of self-immolation of widows on their husband’s funeral pyre may be construed as a horrific act by the Westerner but in India cases of sati have been documented in their culture for hundreds of years (Oldenburg 1994: 165). ” More important, the symbolic significance of sati is intricately intertwined in the Hindu belief system. Was it right for the British to outlaw Sati in 1829? Why or why not

53. Rebellion Many areas of India resisted British Rule which required direct rule, with occupying forces of troops. (colonies) The British built long tracks of railroads so they could quickly move troops to trouble areas, and move goods from the interior to the coast for shipment. What do we call these railroads/ road systems? Infrastructure

54. Sepoy Rebellion Sepoy= Indian soldiers for the British Army In the 1950s the British took several unpopular steps: -Sepoys could serve anywhere, domestically or abroad -Widows can remarry

55. Sepoy Rebellion These measures don’t seem severe until you realize: -High caste Hindus cannot travel overseas as a part of their belief system -Hinduism prohibits a woman to re-marry if her husband dies The Indians see these changes as a way to force Christian and Western ideals onto the Hindus.

56. Final Insult- Sepoy Rebellion In 1857 the British East India Trading Company gave the Sepoy troops new guns with new ammunition. To load the gun, they had to bite off the tip of the cartridges. However, these cartridges were sealed with animal fat, either cow or pig. The problem? Sacred to Hindus Forbidden to Muslims

57. Rebellion 1857 Angry Sepoys rebelled and marched to Delhi, where they called for support from fellow Indians, Muslims and Hindus; “It is well known to all, that in this age the people of [India], both Hindus and Muslims, are being ruined under the tyranny and oppression of the infidel and treacherous English. It is therefore the duty of all the wealthy people of India… to stake their lives and property for the well being of the public.” The Sepoys brutally murdered British men, women and children.

58. Suppression The British troops rallied and killed thousands of unarmed Indians. a.Parliament abolished the East India Trading company and established direct rule. b.More British troops occupied India c.Taxes were raised to pay for occupation

59. Famines The British soon convinced the Indians to grow cash crops such as Cotton and Opium instead of food crops needed to feed the growing population. This led to a number of famines in the 1800s and 1900s. Many Indians sank into poverty, with nearly 10 million perishing over the course of British rule. **Warning: This next video is quite graphic** The Indians were forced to grow cash crops like cotton and opium instead of food causing starvation. What situation does this resemble? Irish Potato Famine

60. The “Brightest Jewel” India was source of pride to British Imperialists. Rule under the British was a mixed bag, with both positives and negatives PositivesNegatives -Law code -Communication systems -Improved transportation  Roads and Railroads -World trade -British reforms insulted culture -Indians treat as inferior to British -forced to grow cash crops which reduced the food supply -exploited Indian labor and resources

61. British World Imperialism

62. Review Things to know about Imperialism: -motives -forms -white man’s burden -examples such as British India, Chinese spheres of influence, Africa, etc. -Events such as the Boer war, Opium war, Sepoy Rebellion, etc. 6:30-13:25 & 15:40- 17:15 & 20:56- 23:46

63. Mercantilism The imperial powers always wanted to sell more than buy, so they could make a profit. In other words they want to Export more than they import:

64. China Remember China is Isolated because of its geography. -Himalayan Mountains -Gobi Desert -coastlines The Ancient Chinese had used the Silk road and the voyages of Zheng He which exposed the Chinese to more culture. The Chinese believed they were superior to the other cultures (ethnocentrism) and refused to trade any more China was mostly isolated for Hundreds of years

65. China In the 1700s China was ____________________ and had strict trading limits with foreigners. European merchants were only allowed in South China. The Chinese sold silk, tea and porcelain for gold and silver. They did not want European made goods. This led to a favorable balance of trade for the Chinese- they were exporting more than importing It also led to a trade deficit for the Europeans who were importing more than exporting from China. Trade Deficit- buying more than selling

66. Opium The British eventually discovered they could sell Indian grown Opium to the Chinese in exchange for tea and money, leading to huge profits. Opium is made from the poppy plant, which grows abundantly in Europe. It is HIGHLY addictive. The British had a strict ban on opium in England, but continued to export it to China. Right or wrong?

67. Opium Wars 1839-1842 Eventually the Chinese used force, firing upon British Ships carrying Opium. However, the British had better weapons than the Chinese and soon defeated them. In 1842 the Chinese were forced to sign the Nanjing treaty. The British gained: -Money -Hong Kong -opened trading with the Chinese -Favored nation clause Why did the British easily defeat the Chinese? Industrialized

68. Chinese Spheres of Influence The Western powers viewed this defeat as a sign that China was weak, and they began carving out spheres of influence

69. Taiping Rebellion 1850-1864 By the early 1800s China was riddled with corruption. Government officials abused their power, the rich avoided paying taxes, and the peasants were left to shoulder the economic burden. The peasants revolted and were led by Hong Xiuquan, who encouraged morality, public ownership of land and an end to the Qing dynasty. This became the most devastating revolt in history, and 20-30 million Chinese were killed.

70. Open Door Policy 1899 The Americans did not join in the race for Spheres of Influence in China. Instead, they proposed an Open Door Policy. This policy would open trade in China to all. -equal trading rights for all nations -stop further expansion but did not help restore Chinese Sovereignty Sovereignty- people pick their government and rulers

71. Boxer Rebellion 1900 Fed up with the foreign invaders, many Chinese nationalists fought back. They began the Boxer Rebellion to force out the Foreign Devils. The Boxers attacked communities where Westerners lived and any Chinese who had converted to Christianity. The foreign countries recognized this as a threat and quickly crushed the rebellion. 3:16

72. China Evolves China eventually was able to create a republic and overthrow foreign control. However, the republic was weak, and today the government is communist, maintaining strict control

73. Review Which statement best expresses the motive for 19 th - century European imperialism? 1.Living space was needed for the excess population of Western Europe 2.European leaders believed imperialism was an effective method of reducing the number of wars 3.European nations would benefit from some aspects of the conquered nation’s culture 4.Imperialism would benefit the economies of the colonial powers

74. Review The borders that were established for many African nations during the late 1800s were based primarily on 1.Natural geographic barriers 2.Easy access to natural resources 3.Territorial claims of colonial rulers 4.Cultural differences between ethnic groups

75. Review In 19 th -century China, the Opium War resulted in 1.The control of Hong Kong being returned to China 2.The removal of all British naval forces from china 3.An increase in European spheres of influence in China 4.The rejection of Buddhism by the Chinese people

76. Review “Compared to other peoples of the world we have the greatest (largest) population and our civilization is four thousand years old…Today we are the poorest and weakest nation in the world and occupy the lowest position in international affairs. Other men are the carving knife and serving dish, we are the fish and the meat. As a consequence…we are being transformed everywhere into a colony of the foreign powers.” Which events formed the basis for the ideas expressed in this early 1900’s passage? 1. Opium war and boxer Rebellion 2. Mau Mau uprising and adoption of apartheid 3. Sepoy mutiny and the slat march 4. Haitian Revolution and Cortes’ march on Mexico City

77. Review During the 18 th and 19 th centuries, Europeans improved roads and bridges and built railroads in their colonies primarily to 1. Provide jobs for all children 2. obtain raw materials needed for industrialization 3. Impress the colonists with their technological knowledge 4. Help missionaries spread Christianity

78. Opium Brides Though the Indian Nation has achieved independence from Great Britain, many are still forced to grow the cash crop of Opium. Drug smugglers force poor farm families to grow opium in exchange for the lives of their family members.