2. The 1830 Revolutions

3. France: The “Restoration” Era (1815-1830)  France emerged from the chaos of its revolutionary period as the most liberal large state in Europe.  Louis XVIII governed France as a Constitutional monarch.  He agreed to observe the 1814 “Charter” or Constitution of the Restoration period. Limited royal power. Granted legislative power. Protected civil rights. Upheld the Napoleon Code. Louis XVIII (r. 1814-1824)

4. The “Ultras”  France was divided by those who had accepted the ideals of the Fr. Revolution and those who didn’t.  The Count of Artois was the leader of the “Ultra-Royalists”  1815  “White Terror”  Royalist mobs killed 1000s of former revolutionaries.  1816 elections  The Ultras were rejected in the Chamber of Deputies election in favor of a moderate royalist majority dependent on middle class support. The Count of Artois, the future King Charles X (r. 1824-1830)

5. France: Conservative Backlash  1820  the Duke of Berri, son of Artois, was murdered.  Royalists blamed the left.  Louis XVIII moved the govt. more to the right  Changes in electoral laws narrowed the eligible voters.  Censorship was imposed.  Liberals were driven out of legal political life and into illegal activities.  1823  triumph of reactionary forces!  Fr troops were authorized by the Concert of Europe to crush the Spanish Revolution and restore another Bourbon ruler, Ferdinand VII, to the throne there.

6. King Charles X of France (r. 1824-1830 )  His Goals:  Lessen the influence of the middle class.  Limit the right to vote.  Put the clergy back in charge of education.  Public money used to pay nobles for the loss of their lands during the Fr Revolution.  His Program:  Attack the 1814 Charter.  Control the press.  Dismiss the Chamber of Deputies when it turned against him.  Appointed an ultra-reactionary as his first minister. Limited royal power. Granted

7.  1830 Election brought in another liberal majority.  July Ordinances  He dissolved the entire parliament.  Strict censorship imposed.  Changed the voting laws so that the government in the future could be assured of a conservative victory. King Charles X of France (r. 1824-1830)

8. To the Barracades  Revolution, Again!! Workers, students and some of the middle class call for a Republic!

9. Louis Philippe  The “Citizen King”  The Duke of Orleans.  Relative of the Bourbons, but had stayed clear of the Ultras.  Lead a thoroughly bourgeois life.  His Program:  Property qualifications reduced enough to double eligible voters.  Press censorship abolished.  The King ruled by the will of the people, not by the will of God.  The Fr Revolution’s tricolor replaced the Bourbon flag.  The government was now under the control of the wealthy middle class. (r. 1830-1848)

10. Louis Philippe  The “Citizen King”  His government ignored the needs and demands of the workers in the cities.  They were seen as another nuisance and source of possible disorder.  July, 1832  an uprising in Paris was put down by force and 800 were killed or wounded.  1834  Silk workers strike in Lyon was crushed.  Seething underclass.  Was seen as a violation of the status quo set down at the Congress of Vienna. A caricature of Louis Philippe

11. Belgian Independence, 1830  The first to follow the lead of France.  Its union with Holland after the Congress of Vienna had not proved successful.  There had been very little popular agitation for Belgian nationalism before 1830  seldom had nationalism arisen so suddenly.  Wide cultural differences:  North  Dutch  Protestant  seafarers and traders.  South  French  Catholic  farmers and individual workers.

12. Belgian Revolution - 1830

13. A Stirring of Polish Nationalism - 1830

14.  The bloodiest struggle of the 1830 revolutions.  The Poles in and around Warsaw gain a special status by the Congress of Vienna within the Russian Empire.  Their own constitution.  Local autonomy granted in 1818.  After Tsar Alexander I dies, the Poles became restless under the tyrannical rule of Tsar Nicholas I.  Polish intellectuals were deeply influenced by Romanticism.  Rumors reached Poland that Nicholas I was planning to use Polish troops to put down the revolutions in France and Belgium.  Several Polish secret societies rebelled.

15. A Stirring of Polish Nationalism - 1830  Had the Poles been united, this revolt might have been successful.  But, the revolutionaries were split into moderates and radicals.  The Poles had hoped that Fr & Eng would come to their aid, but they didn’t.  Even so, it took the Russian army a year to suppress this rebellion.  The irony  by drawing the Russian army to Warsaw for almost a year, the Poles may well have kept Nicholas I from answering Holland’s call for help in suppressing the Belgian Revolt.

16. Europe in 1830

17. The Results of the 1820s-1830 Revolutions? 1.The Concert of Europe provided for a recovery of Europe after the long years of Revolution and Napoleonic Wars. 2.The conservatives did NOT reverse ALL of the reforms put in place by the French Revolution. 3.Liberalism would challenge the conservative plan for European peace and law and order. 4.These revolutions were successful only in W. Europe:  Their success was in their popular support.  Middle class lead, aided by the urban lower classes.  The successful revolutions had benefited the middle class  the workers, who had done so much of the rioting and fighting, were left with empty hands!  Therefore, these revolutions left much unfinished & a seething, unsatisfied working class.

18. Typical Political Revolution (TPR) GThe Middle Class allies with the Working Class to revolt against the ruling conservative class. GInitially the Middle and Working Classes succeed, but then because of their basic differences the alliance falls apart and the conservative forces reassert themselves. GMiddle Class tends to be liberal, while the working classes tend to be more radical.

19. Louis Philippe, “The Pear,” 1848

20. Revolution in France 1848 G“the July monarchy in France was a platform of boards built over a volcano. Under it burned the repressed fires of republicanism put down in 1830, which since 1830 had become steadily more socialistic” GRadicals wanted universal suffrage and a republic, but liberals asked only for broader voting rights within the existing constitutional Monarchy GLouis Phillipe and his Prime Minister refused any change. Stupid move. What should they have done?

21. February revolution in France 1848 GBanquet in Paris planned for Feb. 22 GOn February 21 the gov’t forbade such meetings-that night barricades went up throughout the city GGov’t called the national guard-refused to move-King now promised electoral reform-too late. GDemonstration at Guizot’s house-20 killed GFebruary 24 Louis Philippe abdicates to…England GThat leaves us with the liberal reformers and the radical republicans- now it gets interesting.

22. The February Revolution GWorking class & liberals unhappy with King Louis Philippe, esp. with his minister, Francois Guizot [who opposed electoral reform]. GReform Banquets used to protest against the King.  Paris Banquet banned.  Troops open fire on peaceful protestors.  Barricades erected; looting.  National Guard [politically disenfranchised] defects to the radicals.  King Louis Philippe loses control of Paris and abdicates on February 24.

23. Creation of provisional government GConst. Reformers hoped to carry on with the son of Louis Phillipe GRepublicans stormed the Chamber of Deputies and proclaimed a republic-no whiff of grapeshot this time. GProvisional government:  7 political republicans-Lamartine  3 social republicans- Louis Blanc Blanc was interested in creating social workshops Instead he got national workshops By June there were 200,000 idle men in a city of 1 million

24. Election of Constituent Assembly GElected in April 1848 by Universal Male suffrage across all of France GImmediately replaced provisional gov’t with temporary executive board of its own GThis new exec board contained NO socialists

25. Alphonse Lamartine GA poet & liberal, he believed in the “Rights of Man.”  To vote, to free speech, to property, & to a secular education. GDeclared a new Provisional Government.  Conservatives & liberals are suspicious of republicanism Reminiscent of the Reign of Terror.

26. Louis Blanc GA Social Democrat. GHe believed in the “Right to Work.”  National Workshops. Provide work for the unemployed. GFinancial Crisis  Flight of capital.  Stock market crashes [55% decline].  New 45% increase of taxes on the peasants.

27. April Elections GResulted in a conservative majority in the National Assembly.  They began debating the fate of social programs [like the National Workshops]. GThe conservative majority wanted the removal of radicals like Blanc from the government.  In early June, the National Workshops were shut down. This heightened class tensions!

28. The “June Days” GWorker groups in Paris rose up in insurrection.  They said that the government had betrayed the revolution. Workers wanted a redistribution of wealth.  Barricades in the streets. Victor Hugo’s Les Miserables was based on this event. GA new liberal-conservative coalition formed to oppose this lower class radicalism.

29. “June Days” of 1848 GOne side: nationally elected constituent assembly GOther side: National workshops GNW unsuccessfully attacked the CA GCA declared martial law giving all power to General Cavaignac (the butcher) GThe bloody June days followed June 24-26 GClass war raged in Paris-CA won

30. Paris: To the Barricades Again!

31. The 2 nd French Republic ( 1848- 1852 ) GGeneral Louis Cavaignac assumed dictatorial powers & crushed the revolt.  10,000 dead.  A victory for conservatives. GNov., 1848  a new constitution provided for:  An elected President.  A one-house legislature. The Republic by Jean-Leon Gerome

32. Louis Napoleon Bonaparte GAfter the June Days the CA sought to create a republican constitution and elect a new President GLouis Napoleon Bonaparte won in a landslide.  Defeated Lamartine, Blanc, Cavignac

33. President Louis Napoleon GThe December election:  The “law and order” candidate, Louis Napoleon Bonaparte, defeated Cavaignac.  This was a big shift in middle class opinion to the right! GThe New President:  Purged the govt. of all radical officials. Replaced them with ultra-conservative and monarchists.  Disbanded the National Assembly and held new elections. Represented himself as a “Man of the People.”  His government regularly used forced against dissenters.

34. The HAPSBURG EMPIRE

35. Revolution in Austria 1848 GBegan in Hungary GLouis Kossuth-Demanded national autonomy from Austrian Empire, full civil liberties and universal male suffrage GAustrian gov’t hesitated GViennese students and workers took to streets-added own demands GAust. Emp. Ferdinand I gave in- promised reforms and a liberal constitution GMetternich fled to London

36. Weaknesses in Austrian revolutionary coalition GPeasants, who made up most of the army, were satisfied by the Gov’ts aboliton of serfdom GHungarian revolutionaries wanted to unify the diverse groups in Hungary- opposed by minority groups-croats, serbs, rumanians-soon were locked in armed combat with the new Hungarian government GMiddle class wanted liberal reform GUrban poor rose in arms-wanted socialist workshops, universal voting rights GMC and UP soon were opposing eachother

37. Reassertion of Conservative forces GFerdinand I abdicates in his place his nephew Francis Joseph GWindishgratz-smashed Czechoslovakia GAustria defeats revolutionaries in Italy GArmy (peasants) attacked student workers in Vienna GHungary brought back after Russia went in with 130,000 troops GThe attempts to liberalize and break up the Austrian empire were unsuccessful.

38. The Austrian Empire: 1830

39. GThe nature of the Austrian Empire:  Very conservative monarchy [liberal institutions didn’t exist]. GCulturally and racially heterogeneous. GSocial reliance on serfdom dooms masses of people to a life without hope. GCorrupt and inefficient. GCompetition with an increasingly powerful Prussia. Ferdinand I (1793-1875) Therefore, the Empire was vulnerable to revolutionary challenges.

40. Austrian Students Form a Militia

41. GThe “February Revolution” in France triggered a rebellion for liberal reforms. GMarch 13  rioting broke out in Vienna.  The Austrian Empire collapsed. Metternich fled. Constituent Assembly met. Serfdom [robot] abolished.  The revolution began to wane. The revolutionary government failed to govern effectively. Vienna, 1848: The Liberal Revolution

42. The New Austrian Emperor Franz Joseph I [r. 1848- 1916]

43. The Hungarian Revolution

44. Lajos Kossuth (1802-1894) GHungarian revolutionary leader. GMarch laws provided for Hungarian independence. GAustrians invade.  Hungarian armies drove within sight of Vienna! GSlavic minorities resisted Magyar invasion & the Hungarian army withdrew. GAustrian & Russian armies defeated the Hungarian army. GHungary would have to wait until 1866 for autonomy.

45. Tsar Nicholas I (r. 1825-1855) GHe raised an army of 400,000 in response to a request from Franz Joseph.  140,000 put down the Hungarian revolt.

46. The German States

47. Revolution in Prussia 1848 GPrussia’s middle class wanted a liberal constitutional monarchy that would unite Germany into a united and liberal German nation. GPrussian middle class pushed demands after the French rev of 1848 GDemands not granted GWorkers in Berlin exploded GFrederick William IV gave in to demands GFWIV promised Prussia liberal const. + merge into German state GWorkers wanted more

48. The Germans Follow the French GAfter the February French revolutions, there were many riots in minor German states. GAustria and Prussia expected to intervene to crush these revolts, BUT:  Vienna Revolution  led to the fall of Metternich.  Berlin riots Prussian army efficiently suppressed the revolutionaries. King Frederick William IV withdraws the troops and hand the Prussia liberals a big victory! Other Princedoms collapse when Prussia’s nerve fails.

49. Funeral for Berlin Freedom Fighters

50. Prussian workers demands GMarch 26 workers issued a series of radical demands: universal voting rights, minimum wage, 10 hour day GThe Prussian middle class could not go along with it GWhile the tensions in Prussia escalated, an elected body met in Berlin to write a constitution for a Prussian State

51. Frankfurt Assembly GSelf appointed from various German States successfully called for a national constituent assembly to begin writing a Const. For a unified German State GDenmark distraction: Schleswig/Holstein GMarch 1849, Frankfurt assembly finally offered throne to FWIV GBy early 1849 reaction had been successful in Prussia GFWIV refused the Frankfurt assemblies “crown from the gutter”

52. The Frankfurt Assembly GGerman liberals are overjoyed! GGerman National Assembly established in Frankfurt:  Universal suffrage.  Delegates mostly from the middle class.  Debate over the nature of the state  monarchy of Habsburgs or Hohenzollerns?  They chose the Austrian Habsburg Archduke John rather than the King of Prussia. He was a well-known liberal sympathizer. But they couldn’t guarantee the loyalty of the Prussian Army.

53. Frankfurt Assembly Meets

54. Prussian Resurgence GThe Prussian army moved to crush the new Polish Grand Duchy. GThe Prussian parliament disagreed with the Frankfurt Parliament. GThe Prussian army invaded Schleswig-Holstein (at Frankfurt’s request).  Horrified international liberal opinion.  Britain & Russia threatened war with Prussia.  Prussia agreed to its own peace with Denmark. The Prussian army abandoned the Frankfurt government.

55. Austria & Prussia Reassert Control GAustria re-gained control of Vienna. GFrederick William deposed the Berlin parliament. GThe Frankfurt Assembly offered the emperorship to Frederick William.  He declined.  Radicals took to the barricades again.  The Prussian army crushed all resistance.  April, 1849  the Assembly collapsed.

56. A New German Confederation GFrederick William IV of Prussia was still interested in ruling a united Germany. G1850  the German Confederation was re-established at Olmutz. GBut, Frederick was forced to accept Austrian leadership of Central Europe.