1. Carbohydrates
energy

2. Carbohydrate Molecules
ENERGY
Storage of energy
Cellular structures

3. SUGAR!!!!!!!!!! Carbohydrates are sugars. Sugars are carbohydrates.
Sugar = energy YAY!
Saccharide means sugar

4. Saccharides are divided into three categories
1. Monosaccharides (means one sugar) 2. Disaccharides (made of two single sugars, snapped together) 3. Polysaccharides (many sugars snapped together)

5. Monosaccharides (simple sugar) Contain 3 – 7 carbon atoms in a chain or ring
2 examples of 5-carbon atoms Ribose and Deoxyribose.  
Ribose is found in RNA.  
Deoxyribose is found in DNA.  A deoxyribose is missing one oxygen, which is why it’s called “de-oxy.“
Nest 3 examples are 6-carbon atoms long: 
Glucose, Fructose and Galactose. 
All three = 6C atoms, 12H atoms & 6O atoms.  The molecular formula for all three of them is C6H12O6

6. Wait What? Isomers = same type
C6H12O6
Isomers = same type
Chemical Isomers = the same atoms but arranged differently

7. Dehydration Synthesis
Two monosaccharides are joined w/ synthesis
Creates a disaccharide
Dehydration synthesis is due to H2O molecules being released during synthesis

8. Disaccharide (double sugar)
Example is Sucrose (table sugar)
Lactose.  “Lacto-” means milk and it’s found in all milk. 
Milk doesn’t taste sweet but that’s because not all sugars taste sweet.  Lactose is actually made of glucose + galactose.

9. Yum…Milk

10. Water is used in the decomposition = Hydrolysis
Catabolism = decomposition of nutrients

11. Polysaccharides (many sugars) Complex Carbs
Many monosaccharides joined by dehydration synthesis
Structural function
Fuel Storage Function
Amylose= “starch” is the way many plants store sugars. 
Plants and other photosynthetic organisms join glucose sugars made from photosynthesis into a big chain called amylose. 
Cellulose. Cellulose is made up of a bunch of glucoses, just like starch, however the way they are joined together forms a branching pattern, unlike starch. 
We cannot digest or break apart these sugar molecules. which is why it is also known as “indigestible fiber,” “roughage,” or “insoluble fiber.” 

12. Monosaccharides (one) Disaccharides (two)
Ribose, Deoxyribose, Fructose, Glucose, Galactose
Disaccharides (two)
Sucrose (glucose+fructose), Lactose (glucose+galactose), Maltose (glucose+glucose)
Polysaccharide (many)
Amylose (starch), Cellulose (indigestible fiber), Glycogen (animal starch)

13. Can be added to other molecules
Can join proteins and lipids
Creates macromolecules

14. Stored in fat = future energy
Lipids
Stored in fat = future energy

16. The skinny on Lipids Used for energy storage Stored in fat
Chemical Messengers in some form of hormones
Four Classes
Neutral Fats
Phospholipids
Steroids
Eicosanoids

17. Neutral Fats (triglycerides)
Contains 3 fatty acids & 1 glycerol molecule
Glycerol = 3 carbon monosaccharide (C3H8O3)
Fatty Acid = chain of carbon w/ 1 or 2 H molecules attached to each C by single or double bonds
Saturated fatty acid – single bond
Unsaturated fatty acid – double bonds

18. glycoprotein
Macromolecules of amino acids and carbohydrates found in cell membranes

19. lipoprotein Macromolecule made of lipids and proteins
Hydrophilic allows fats to be sheilded from the blood plasma
Transports fats within the body

20. Phospholipids Similar to triglycerides w/ a glycerol backbone
Two fatty acids attached in one direction
Make up cell membranes – lipid bilayer

21. Steroids
Lipids that take up the form of four interlocking hydrocarbon rings
Hydrophobic, non polar w/ very minimal O

22. Cholesterol

23. Cholesterol Digests food Makes hormones Makes some vitamins
Builds cell walls
Carried through bloodstream by lipidprotein
Too much can lead to heart disease

24. Eicosanoids
Lipids formed from 20-carbon fatty acids
Highly potent

25. Eicosanoids Inflammatory response Gastric integrity Hyper-sensitivity
Renal function
Regulates smooth muscle contraction
Regulation of blood vessel diameter
Platelet homeostasis

26. Eicosanoids Local action Not stored, metabolized rapidly
Produced in much smaller quantities
Most all tissues make their own eicosanoids

27. Proteins

28. Proteins Most abundant organic molecule
Catalyst – speed up all reactions in the body
Transport ions/molecules into and out of cell
Used for cellular structure
Structural body tissues
Process molecules to harvest energy
Control chemical reactions
Regulating growth

29. Protein make up
C, O, H, N
Sometimes sulfur, iron and/or phosphorus

30. Workers….
Protein carries out most ALL functions within cell other than genetic storage of information
Hemoglobin – picks up O2 in body for transport
Antibodies – immune cell dispatched to fight off
Hair and Nails

32. Amino Acids Molecule containing central C attached to H
20 different amino acids!

34. Amino Acids Metabolized in the muscles Used for immediate energy
Group of amino acids
Peptide
Dipeptide
Tripeptide
Polypeptide
When an amino acid chain exceeds 100 it is called a protein

35. Protein Structure Shape = function Four levels of structure
Globular proteins (antibodies) look like a puzzle
Collagen are long and firm
Four levels of structure
Primary structure
Sequence and number of amino acids
Secondary structure
Natural bend of peptide chain
Tertiary structure
Overall shape of a single protein molecule
Quaternary structure
Two or more proteins bond into a macromolecule

37. Structural Protein Stable and rigid, hydrophobic to add stregnth
Fibrous proteins

39. Functional Proteins Hydrophilic, flexible, three-dimensional shape
Globular proteins
Hemoglobin
Antibodies
Protein-based hormones
enzymes

40. Biological molecules that act as catalysts
Enzymes
Biological molecules that act as catalysts
Lock and Key

41. Enzyme examples

42. Nucleic Acids
AKA “Boss Man”

43. Nucleic Acids Largest molecule in the body

44. DNA DNA Deoxyribose Exists mainly in nucleus Also in mitochondria
Provides all instructions for protein building

45. Genes
Instructions are coded in segments called genes

48. RNA RNA Ribonucleic acid
Transfers instructions OUT of the nucleus into the cytoplasm
Builds proteins

49. DNA – boss man RNA – worker

51. Nucleotides Molecular building blocks of nucleic acids
Formed by sugar (pentose) and phosphate groups joined in long chain with nitrogenous base open for metabolic activity
5 difference nucleotides / same structure
N (base) + 5C pentose sugar + Phosphate

53. Chromosomes Long chains of genes combined with protein
Replicate during cell division so that all daughter cells inherit an identical copy from parent to child

54. ATP

55. ATP
Glucose is broken down into monosaccharides, the energy stored from this is called ATP
Adenosine triphosphate
The energy currency
the cells need fuel
Cellular respiration
Cells use nutrients in process called cellular respiration

56. ATP creates energy
Energy needed in body is stored in phosphate bonds of ATP molecule
ATP is an RNA nucleotide
High-energy bonds release energy from ATP molecule
Temporarily losing a phosphate group
After loses becomes an ADP

57. ADP
ADP
Adenosine diphosphate

58. Chapter 2………….FINALLY