1. Bones and the Skeletal System
Advanced Biology 2013

2. Bones
Cartilage
Ligaments

3. Bones
Osseous Tissue (Connective tissue)

4. Types of Bones Long Bones Short Bones Flat Bones Irregular Bones
Longer than they are wide
Produce body movements
Short Bones
Equal in length and width
Limited motion (Gliding)
Flat Bones
Enclose and protect soft organs
Provide area for muscle attachment
Irregular Bones
Vertebrae, Sphenoid, Ethmoid

5. Long Bones
Compact Bone (dense) – surrounds the medullary cavity which contains the bone marrow
Spongy Bone (cancellous)- loosely organized form of bone tissue
Diaphysis-Shaft, provides leverage
Epiphysis-Expanded head, strengthens the joints
Articular Cartilage-Where one bone meets another, Hyaline cartilage

6. Cartilage Spongy bone (contains red bone marrow) Spongy bone Compact
Fig. 30-4
Cartilage
Spongy bone
(contains red
bone marrow)
Spongy
bone
Compact
bone
Central
cavity
Yellow
bone marrow
Fibrous
connective
tissue
Blood
vessels
Cartilage

7. Flat Bones
2 layers of compact bone which encloses a middle layer of spongy bone (dipole)

8. Bone Cells Osteogenic Cells- Bone producing cells
Osteoblasts-Bone forming cells
Osteocytes-Former osteoblasts-help pass nutrients and chemical signals to each other
Osteoclasts-Bone dissolving cells, on bone surface

10. Bone Marrow Red Marrow- Childhood, produces blood cells
In adults, Red marrow is only present in vertebrae, ribs, sternum, and proximal heads of humerus and femur
Yellow-Young-middle aged adults, fatty and no longer producing blood cells
Gelatinous-Old age

11. Skeleton Fig. 30-3a Skull Clavicle Shoulder girdle Scapula Sternum
Ribs
Humerus
Vertebra
Radius
Ulna
Pelvic girdle
Carpals
Phalanges
Metacarpals
Femur
Patella
Tibia
Fibula
Tarsals
Metatarsals
Phalanges

12. 7 cervical vertebrae Intervertebral discs 12 thoracic vertebrae
Fig. 30-3b
7 cervical
vertebrae
Intervertebral
discs
12 thoracic
vertebrae
5 lumbar
vertebrae
Hip
bone
Sacrum
Coccyx

13. Fractures

14. Healing of Fractures 1. Hematoma Formation-Clot
2. Formation of granulation tissue
3. Callus formation (4-6 weeks)
4. Remodeling (3 months)

15. Joints Fibrous Joints- Sutures Cartilaginous Joints- Vertebrae
Bony Joints- Mandible/frontal bone
Synovial Joints
Ball and socket, Hinge, Saddle, Pivot, Gliding, and Condyloid