1. Unit 2: Basics of Human Anatomy and Physiology Introduction to Anatomy Sports Medicine 1 Mr. Smith

2. Lesson Objectives  Describe the functions of skin, bone, muscle, ligament, tendon, and cartilage  Describe the types of bones and identify examples  Describe the classification of joints and explain the types of motion produced  Label general muscular and bony anatomy

3. Body Tissues  Skin: Most superficial layer First line defense against external forces Keeps bodily fluids in Picks up sensations Secrets an oily substance

4. Body Tissues cont…  Skin Made up of several layers  Superficial – epidermis  Middle- dermis  Deep- hypodermis or subcutaneous layer Stores about 50% of body’s fat

5. Body Tissues cont…  Skin Has ability to expand  Accommodate increases in muscle girth or fatty tissue Stretch marks are where the dermis was stretched excessively until elastic fibers ruptured

6. Body Tissues cont…  Bones Protect vital organs and structures from trauma Are stiff structures that are acted on by muscles to create movement Are metabolically active; that is, produced blood cells and store minerals such as calcium and phosphorus Protect nerves and blood vessels that travel alongside them

7. Body Tissues cont…  Bones Approximately 206 bones in body  Axial Skeleton Spine, thorax, skull  Appendicular Skeleton Extremities

8. Body Tissues cont. Epiphysis (growth plate) Spongy during adolescence and can be problematic because of vulnerability to injury Diaphysis Shaft of the bone

9. Body Tissues cont…  Articular Cartilage Cushions bone ends, provides stability with movement  Periosteum Supportive sheath that provides nutrient blood for the bones  Spongy Bone Filled with either red or yellow bone marrow, capable of making changes according to weight, postural change and muscle tension

10. Body Tissues cont…  Compact Bone Dense bone  Medullary Cavity Cavity of diaphysis, contains marrow  Red Marrow Composed of red and white blood cells. In adults it is limited to the sternum, vertebrae, ribs, hips, clavicles, and cranial bones  Yellow Marrow Fatty connective tissue, replaces red marrow in the epiphysis, medullary cavity of long bone, and cancellous bone of other bones

11. Body Tissues cont…  Bones Long Bones Short Flat Irregular Sesamoid

12. Body Tissues cont.  Long Bones Having a body which is longer than it is wide with growth plates (epiphysis)

13. Body Tissues cont…  Bones Long Bones  Femur  Tibia  Fibula  Humerus  Radius  Ulna

14. Body Tissues cont.  Mini Long Bones Metacarpals Metatarsals Phalanges

15. Body Tissues cont.  Short Bones Carpals  Wrist Bones Tarsals  Foot Bones A bone that is as wide as they are long

16. Body Tissues cont.  Flat They are as they sound, flat plates of bone  Scapula (Shoulder Blade)  Sternum (Breast Bone)  Cranium (Skull)  Pelvis  Ribs

17. Body Tissues cont.  Irregular Bones that do not fall into any other category, due to their non-uniform shape  Vertebrae (Bones of the Spine)  Sacrum (Tail Bone)  Mandible (Lower Jaw)

18. Body Tissues cont.  Sesamoid Usually short or irregular bones, imbedded in a tendon Often a so called “Floating Bone”  Patella (Knee Cap) Most Known  2 Small Bones at base of 1 st Metatarsal  Sometimes 1 at base of Thumb

19. Body Tissues cont…  Cartilage Functions to join structures Absorb shock And permit smooth bone movement

20. Body Tissues cont…  Muscle Allows the body to accelerate, decelerate, stop movement, and help to maintain normal postural alignment  Tendon Attach muscle to bone and transmit the force that a muscle exerts  Ligament Connect bone to bone and helps to form joints

21. Body Tissues cont…  Connective tissue Made up of spindle- shaped cells that support and bind together other tissues  Ligaments and Tendons

22. Classification of Joints  Diarthrodial (synovial) Really good mobility Consist of a joint capsule, synovial membrane, hyaline cartilage  Hinge Joint Elbow and Knee  Multiaxial or Ball and Socket Joint Hip and Shoulder  Most mobility of all joints

23. Classification of Joints  Amphiarthrodial Joints Cartilage attaching two bones together  Ribs join the Sternum  Synarthrodial Held together by tough connective tissue, and are basically immoveable  Bones of the Skull