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Chapter 5: Egypt and Kush Lesson 1: The Nile River Bell Ringer What do you think early settlers of Egypt did when they found the Nile River?
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The Nile River Valley Valley Civilization
Egypt and Kush were developing in Africa at the same time as Mesopotamian civilizations Egypt and Kush were unique, but influenced each other over the years Valley Civilization Nile River valley was very fertile First settled around 5000 BC Settled by earliest Egyptians and Kushites Early Egyptians settled the norther region They called it Kemet, meaning “black land” after the color of the soil
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The Gift of the River Structures built by Egyptians have survived due to hot, dry climate Little rain fall meant the Nile was the only source of water They called it “the creator of all good” The Nile River flows about 4,000 miles Longest river in the world Considered the “life blood” of Egypt Made up of two rivers White Nile Blue Nile Travel is made difficult by cataracts – fast moving waters
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A Protected Land The Nile River splits into many branches just before the Mediterranean Sea Creates a delta – fan shaped area of fertile land Located between two very dry deserts Libyan Desert and Eastern Desert Two largest deserts in the world Kept Egypt isolated from invaders Cataracts protected Egypt from enemy ships Deltas – protected from invaders from the Mediterranean sea Egypt developed peacefully due to lack of invasions The Mediterranean Sea and Red Sea allowed them to travel for trade
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Use this graphic organizer to explain how the deserts, delta, and cataracts protected Egypt from invaders.
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People of the River Predictable Floods
Did not have to tame the Nile like Mesopotamians tamed the Tigris and Euphrates The Nile’s floods were consistent Predictable Floods Flooding was common Less destructive, wouldn’t destroy homes and crops After floods, farmers took advantage of left over fertile soil
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How Did Egyptians Farm? Planted wheat, barley, flax seeds while soil was wet Used canals to carry water during dry seasons Created shadoofs – a bucket attached to a pole to carry water from the Nile Still use these today Gathered papyrus – a reed plant that grew along the Nile Used for rope, sandals, baskets, and rafts Later used to create PAPER
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Use this diagram to show the differences and similarities between Egyptian and Mesopotamian farming.
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How Did Egyptians Write?
Developed writing system like Mesopotamians made up of thousands of pictures and symbols for sounds This language was called Hieroglyphics Few Egyptians knew how to read/write Some men became scribes Wrote or painted on papyrus carved into stone walls/monuments
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Uniting Egypt Grew surpluses of food due to geographic protection
Extra food led to specialization Began to trade with distant civilizations Forming Kingdoms Needed organized government to control life Repairing irrigation systems, storing food for famine, settle disputes Groups of villages formed under a King Egypt developed into two kingdoms Upper Egypt – located south along the Nile Lower Egypt – located north in the delta area
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Reflect: How did the separate kingdoms of Egypt unite?
Who was Narmer? King of Upper Egypt around 3100 BC Conquered lower Egypt Unified the two kingdoms Established a new capital at Memphis Memphis was on the border of Upper and Lower Egypt Was a center of culture and government Narmer’s kingdom lasted almost 3,000 years Ruled by dynasty – a line of rulers from one family 30 dynasties ruled from 3100 BC to 332 BC Organized into 3 time periods: Old Kingdom, Middle Kingdom, New Kingdom Usually had a stable governemtn Reflect: How did the separate kingdoms of Egypt unite?
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Chapter 5 Lesson 2 Bell Ringer Use this graphic organizer to show examples of methods Egyptians used to farm.
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Egypt’s Early Rulers Old Kingdom Pharaoh in Government
Lasted from 2600 BC – 2200 BC Ruled by a theocracy – a government where the ruler is both the political and religious leader Pharaoh in Government The ruler was called the pharaoh, had total power Bureaucrats – were government officials who carried out the pharaoh’s orders Tax payments of grain were collected from farmers Pharaoh in Religion The Pharaoh was believed to be a god on Earth participated in ceremonies to help the success of Egypt
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Religion in Egypt Influenced every aspect of life
Practiced polygamy like the Mesopotamians Re – the sun god Hapi – the river god Osiris – god of the underworld Thoth – god of learning Believed in the afterlife “Wheat and barley shall be given unto him therein, And he shall flourish there just as he did upon earth.” - Egyptian description of the afterlife.
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The Afterlife Believed to be very positive and peaceful
Pharaohs would continue to protect Egypt after death Osiris granted all people hope for afterlife Believed the body protected the soul Practiced embalming to protect the soul in the afterlife
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Open your books to page As a group, use this style of graphic organizer to describe the process of EMBALMING from beginning to end.
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Medical Skills Pyramid Tombs Learned from embalming
Doctors used splints, bandages, and compresses Wrote the first medical books Pyramid Tombs Built to honor and protect the pharaohs Protected bodies from floods, animals, and thieves Contained personal belongings of the pharaos Weapons, furniture, clothes, jewelry
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How Were the Pyramids Built?
Thousands of workers over many years Mostly done over summer when the Nile flooded Imhotep was the first engineer to build the pyramids Turn to page 114 and let’s discuss the process of placing the stones used to build the pyramids. Important Discoveries Used astronomy to determine which way North was Invented a 365 day calendar, with 12 months Invented written number system based on 10
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Daily Life Egypt had a population of 5 million people
Mostly lived in the river valley and delta Social Groups - determined by roles in society Highest Class – The Pharaoh Upper Class – Priests, Nobles, Army Commanders Had expensive houses/clothes/jewelry and servants Middle Class – Traders, Artisans, Scribes Smaller homes and dressed simpler Lower Class – Farmers and Herders Rented land from upper class Homes were very small Lowest – Unskilled workers Largest class Performed manual labor – involving physical effort
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Egyptian Families Family groups were extremely important
Father was the head of the family Women held similar legal status to men Very different to other civilizations Could hold positions as high as a priest Children rarely attended school Girls learned to cook/sew Boys learned their father’s trade Reflect: What class do you think teachers belonged to in ancient Egypt?
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Exit Ticket One topic I learned about was ____________, which was significant during __________ because ________________. One topic that is related to this is _____________, which is related because _____________. Another topic that is related is ___________, which is related because ___________. One question I still have is _____________.
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Chapter 5 Lesson 3 Bell Ringer Explain why the Egyptians built the pyramids and how it was supposed to protect the people inside.
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A Golden Age Conquests 2200 BC – pharaohs weaken in Memphis
200 years of nobles fighting over power A new dynasty establishes the Middle Kingdom Lasts from 2055 BC – 1650 BC Conquests Conquered Nubia to the south and Syria to the northeast Required tribute from newly conquered people Increased amount of farm land Built more canals to increase water supply and trade
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The Arts Flourish The Hyksos
Arts and architecture thrived during the Middle Kingdom Many structures were painted and statues of pharaohs built Pharaohs were buried in cliffs west of the Nile River rather than pyramids Known as “The Valley of the Kings” The Hyksos 1600s BC – Civil war divides Egypt, ending era of peace Hyksos invade weakened Egypt from western Asia Defeated Egyptian soldiers and controlled Egypt Used chariots and bronze/iron weapons Controlled Egypt for 100 years Egyptians planned to overthrow them 1550 BC Prince Ahmose forms an army and defeats the Hyksos Learned to use Hyksos weapons and chariots
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Building an Empire A Woman Pharaoh
Ahmose founds a new dynasty – The New Kingdom Lasts from 1550 BC – 1070 BC Prospers from trade and conquests No longer isolated Reaches its most powerful heights A Woman Pharaoh 1473 – Queen Hatshepsut comes to power Ruled on behalf of her nephew Needed to prove she was worthy to be pharaoh Wore traditional clothes of male pharaohs Built many temples and restored old ones
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Growth of Trade Trade and Politics Hatshepsut favored trade over war
Traveled to Arabia and East Africa Incense – produces a pleasant smell when burned Valued wood due to a lack of it in the Nile River Valley Traded with the Phoenicians east of the Mediterranean Sea Trade and Politics The Phoenicians traded Egyptian goods with others across southwest Asia Hatshepsut used wealth from this trade to build new monuments Developed ties with other nearby kingdoms through treaty or marriage Babylonians in Mesopotamia Mittani in Syria Hittites in Anatolia Exchanged envoys – a government representative to another country First time groups of nations worked together for a common goal
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Expanding the Empire Thutmose III becomes pharaoh after Hatshepsut
Expanded Egyptian control and wealth North to the Euphrates River South into Nubia Captures a total of 350 cities Slavery becomes very common Could own land, marry, and eventually gain freedom
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Two Unusual Pharaohs Amenhotep IV King Tutankhamen
Came to power around 1370 BC Changes religion to one god with support of his wife Nefertiti Believed priests had grown too powerful and wealthy Worshipped Aton – the sun god Changed name to Akhenaton – “spirit of Aton” Egyptians are not pleased with this Egypt lost most land in western Asia due to weakness King Tutankhamen Came to power around 1360 BC at 10 years old Restored polygamy as religion The most famous pharaoh of all Tomb was discovered with many treasures
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Recovery and Decline Ramses II Age of Temples
1200s BC – pharaohs try to restore greatness through trade, war, and building Ramses II Ruled from 1270 BC – 1213 BC Most successful during this time Conquered land to the north Age of Temples Ramses and others built many temples Karnak at Thebes – huge columned halls Still exists today Temples were used for special occasions and as banks
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Why Did Egypt Decline? After Ramses II, Egypt declines – becomes weaker Pharaohs fought costly wars Controlled only the Nile Delta by 1150 BC Finally conquered completely by Kush in 670 BC Reflection: Describe how religion changed in Egypt under Akhenaton and Tutankhamen.
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Exit Ticket One topic I learned about was ____________, which was significant during __________ because ________________. One topic that is related to this is _____________, which is related because _____________. Another topic that is related is ___________, which is related because ___________. One question I still have is _____________.
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List one accomplishment for each of the following pharaohs:
Chapter 5 Lesson 4 Bell Ringer List one accomplishment for each of the following pharaohs: Hatshepsut 2. Thutmose III 3. Amenhotep IV 4. Tutankhamen 5. Ramses II
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The Nubians Rise of Kerma
Nubia was located south of Egypt along the Nile River First settled in 2000 BC by cattle herders Savannas – grassy plains Did not rely on the Nile Lands received rainfall year round Skilled hunters with the bow and arrow Rise of Kerma Strong villages conquered the weak and created the Kingdom of Kerma Grew wealthy from agriculture and gold Developed strong ties with Egypt through trade Also buried pharaohs in tombs with valuables
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Egyptian Invasion The Kushite Kingdom
1400s BC – Egypt conquers Nubia after 50 year war Ruled for 700 years Nubians adopted many Egyptian traditions Religion, hieroglyphics, tools The Kushite Kingdom Nubians broke away during Egypt’s weak Middle Kingdom 850 BC – Nubians for the kingdom of Kush Capital was called Napata Located along a major trade route Grew very wealthy through trade
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Kush Conquers Egypt Using Iron 750 BC – King Kashta invaded Egypt
Died before end of the war 728 BC - Piye, son of Kashta, completes the conquest of Egypt Founds 25th dynasty to rule Egypt Admired Egyptian culture Worshipped same gods, built pyramids as tombs Using Iron Kush ruled Egypt for 60 years 671 BC – Assyrians take Egypt from Kush using iron weapons Kushites then learn how to make iron from the Assyrians Farming and weaponry advance because of this
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Reflect: How did the use of iron affect Kush?
The Capital of Meroe 540 BC – capital city is moved to Meroe Close to cataracts, protects them from invasion Nile River allows for transportation and trade Becomes a center of iron production Designed to look like Egyptian cities A Trading Center Meroe was the center of African trade routes Traded many unique African goods with Arabia, China, Rome, and India Textiles – woven cloth Remained a great trading kingdom for 600 years Destroyed by Axum in 350 AD Reflect: How did the use of iron affect Kush?
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Exit Ticket One topic I learned about was ____________, which was significant during __________ because ________________. One topic that is related to this is _____________, which is related because _____________. Another topic that is related is ___________, which is related because ___________. One question I still have is _____________.
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