1. The Nile River Valley

2. Settling the Nile
Earliest Egyptians move into the Nile River Valley from less fertile areas. They farmed and built villages along the riverbanks.
______________– longest river in the world (4,000 miles)
Used it for water, farming, bathing and fishing
Narrow green valley in Egypt.
Nile Delta, fertile area at end of river

3. Settling the Nile continued
The ____________, the largest desert in the world, lies west of the Nile Valley
Egypt had several natural borders to protect them
West – Sahara desert
East – Eastern desert
South – dangerous rapids
North – Mediterranean Sea

4. The River People
Floods along Nile River predictable. Left behind dark fertile soil along its banks.
Farmer grew wheat, barley and flax seeds.
Irrigation canals
_____________, a reed plant that grew along the Nile, was used to make baskets, sandals, and paper.
__________________ – Egyptian system of writing consisting of thousands of picture symbols.
Some Egyptian men learned to read and write – attended schools to become scribes.

5. The United Egypt
Since the people of Egypt had a surplus of food, some people became artisans instead of farmers.
Egyptians traded with each other and with others in Mesopotamia
Strong chiefs united villages into kingdoms. Eventually, stronger kingdoms overpowered weaker ones.
Two Kingdoms emerged:
Lower Egypt
Upper Egypt
_________ –united the two kingdoms and ruled from the city of Memphis.
His descendants passed the ruling power from father to son to grandson, forming a _________________.

6. Ancient Egypt was ruled by 31 dynasties that historians have grouped into three time periods: ____________, _______________, ___________________

7. Early Egyptian Life
Social Class Division
Upper Class
Middle Class
Lower Class
_____________ had more rights in Egypt than in any other ancient civilizations
Women could own property, buy and sell goods, make wills, obtain divorces.
Few children went to school in ancient Egypt
Egyptian girls learned how sew, cook, and run a household. Boys learned to farm or a skilled trade.

8. Egypt’s Old Kingdom Old Kingdom Rulers
Ch.2 Sec.2
Egypt’s Old Kingdom
Old Kingdom Rulers
The Old Kingdom lasted from about 2600 B.C. until about 2300 B.C.
_____________ were all-powerful Egyptian kings who guided every activity in Egypt.
Pharaohs appointed officials to carry out their commands
Pharaohs were the son of ____, the sun god. They thought pharaohs were gods on earth.

9. Egypt’s Religion
Egyptians believed in many gods and goddesses, or ______. These deities controlled every human activity and all natural forces.
____ – sun god; _______– god of the Nile River; ______ – god of fertility
Egyptians believed in life after death. The Book of the Dead contained a collection of spells that Egyptians believed they needed to enter the afterlife.

10. The Afterlife
Egyptians believed in the afterlife, or life after death.
Humans as well as some animals had to be prepared for the afterlife
____________________ – The process of removing organs and treating the body with chemicals for preservation.
Jewelry, tools, weapons, figures, etc. would be place in the tomb so they could use it in the “next” life.
The soul of the person deceased would be weighed against the sacred feather, symbol for truth.
_______________ process

11. Science, Math, and Medicine
Solar calendar – “________” – star that appeared before the annual flood
Developed number system based on “____” – Decimal System today
Diagnosed diseases; created remedies for cures; set broken bones, wrote the 1st medical book

12. The Great Pyramids
Egyptians built ___________ to protect the bodies of dead pharaohs.
Pyramids to thousands of people and years of work to complete
They used astronomy and mathematics to create pyramids.
While studying the sky, Egyptians developed the 365 day calendar that we use today.
The Great Pyramid is the largest pyramid in Egypt. It was built for King Khufu and it is located near Cairo.

13. Built during Old Kingdom

14. Egyptian Tombs
Valley of the Kings

15. The Middle Kingdom
Pharaohs lost control of Egypt in about 2300 B.C. A new dynasty of pharaohs created a capital at _________. This began the Middle Kingdom.
A time of stability, prosperity and achievement
Arts, literature and architecture blossomed.
Middle Kingdom ended when the ________ attacked and conquered Egypt.
Egyptian prince _________ led a revolt to drive the Hyksos out of Egypt

16. The New Kingdom Egypt grew richer and more powerful.
_______________was one of the few women rulers.
Trade grew during her rule. Beads, tools, wood, ivory and incense were traded.
_________________became pharaoh after Hatshepsut died. Egypt conquered more land and became even richer.
Slavery was very common. They did have some rights: could own land, marry, and eventually gain freedom

17. Legacy of Two Pharaohs
Amenhotep IV (___________ ) came to power in 1370 B.C.
He felt priest were gaining too much power. He introduced a new religion with one god. Priests who do not follow were removed from power.
Most refused to follow new religion.
Hittites invaded and greatly reduced their power.
_____________, a.k.a. King Tut, ruled for only 9 years – “Boy King”
Took power after Akhenaton died

18. Treasures of Tutankhamen (8 min)
Discovered by British Archaeologist Howard Carter
Died at 20 years of age
Sarcophagus

19. The End of the New Kingdom
_______________was one of the most powerful rulers of all of Egypt.
Under his rule, many temples were built
After Ramses II died, Egyptian influence began to decline.
Egypt was attacked by neighboring groups – Libyans, Kush and finally the Assyrians

20. The Civilization of Kush
Region of ________, later known as Kush, was located south of Egypt on the Nile River
The 1st people to arrive in Nubia were cattle herders who grazed on the _____________.
More powerful Nubian villages took control of weaker ones, and the kingdom of __________ was created.
Egypt invaded Kerma, eventually taking it over.

21. The Rise of Kush
Nubians broke away from Egypt and formed their own kingdom called __________.
Ruled from the city of Napata, which was located on the upper Nile River.
A king named __________ and his son, Piye conquered Egypt in 728 B.C.
The __________ later invaded Egypt and forced out the Kushites.
Kusk moved their ruling city south to the city of Meroe – important iron working city (learned from the Assyrians)
The kingdom of _______ overthrew Kush and burned it to the ground.

22. Kushite Empire 700B.C.