1. Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids

2. Carbohydrates Sugars and starches Consist of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen 2:1 ratio (2 H for every 1O) Types of carbohydrates: –Monosaccharides –Disaccharides –Polysaccharides

3. Monosaccharides Building blocks of carbohydrates Simple sugars. Ex: glucose, fructose, galactose. Contain energy in bonds.

4. Dehydration synthesis “ Dehydration” – loss of water “Synthesis” – to make Water is removed and sugars are covalently bonded.

5. Dehydration synthesis Bond is formed between the –OH bonds of each monosaccharide OH from one bonds with the H of the other OHH 2 0 Disaccharide is formed from the 2 sugars

6. Dissacharides Double Sugar (Glucose + Glucose) Example: Table Sugar

7. Polysaccharides Many simple sugars bonded together Excess sugar is stored as polysaccharides. Formed by joining monosaccharide units. Examples: cellulose (plant starch) glycogen (animal starch)

8. Polysaccharide examples: Cellulose Starch Glycogen hundreds of glucose molecules hundreds to thousands of glucose molecules

9. Hydrolysis When polysaccharides are split apart to form monosaccharides by adding water. Hydrolysis= “hydro” water/ “lysis” to split Molecule of water is consumed when the bond between monosaccharides is split.

11. Functions of Lipids Lipids store energy (C-H) bonds Form biological membranes Chemical messengers Commonly known as fats, oils, and waxes

12. Structure of Lipids 3 fatty-acid molecules and one glycerol molecule combined will produce lipids and water. Fatty-acids- building blocks of lipids / long chains of hydrogen and carbon atoms that have a carboxyl group attached. Carboxyl group- made of 1 carbon atom, 1 hydrogen atom, and 2 oxygen atoms.

13. Saturated vs. Unsaturated Lipids Saturated lipids are C-C Solid at room temperature. Examples: Butter, animal fat Unsaturated lipids have at least one C=C Liquid at room temperature Examples: Oils

14. Structure of Lipids

15. Other Lipids Examples: -Cholesterol -Steroids -Waxes -Phospholipids (cell membrane)

16. Sterols and Phospholipids Sterols- provide membrane support and serve as hormones. Examples: cholesterol and steroids Phospholipids- made of hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts. (water loving and hating) –Important in membrane structures

18. Hydrophilic Head (video)video) Hydrophobic Tales

21. What are proteins? Proteins- organic molecules made of nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen Polymers of amino acids.

22. Amino acid- building blocks of protien / made of an amino group Made up of: - Amino Group (-NH 2 ) - Carboxyl Group (-COOH) - H atom - “R” group (Always varies) 20 different amino acids, which can combine to form an amazing at least 1000 different proteins that make up living tissue

24. Examples of amino acids

25. Amino acids form proteins through dehydration synthesis

26. 2 amino acids form a dipeptide bond More than 2 amino acids Is a polypeptide chain

27. Function of protein Carry out chemical reactions Let molecules in and out of cells

28. Protein Structure

29. folded or bent into sheets

30. Protein Structure compacted & folded

31. Protein Structure (video)(video) when proteins combine

32. Enzymes enzymes are proteins. Catalysts- substances that speed up the rate of a reaction. Enzymes are the bodies catalysts!

34. Nucleic acids- large organic molecules made up of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and phosphorous atoms. –Made up of nucleotides Nucleotides- building blocks of nucleic acids / made of a 5 carbon sugar, phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base. 2 types of nucleic acids DNA RNA

35. Elements that make up all living organisms!!! Acronym 

36. Nucleotide

37. Function of Nucleic Acids DNA- deoxyribonucleic acid RNA- ribonucleic acid Store and transmit genetic information.

38. Structure of Nucleic Acids DNA DNA has 4 base pairs: G = Guanine A = Adenine C = Cytosine T = Thyamine

39. Structure of Nucleotides “double ring”“single ring” (video)(video)

40. Quiz 1. What is ONE function of a carbohydrate in an animal? 2. What is a lipid? Where would you find lipids in an animal? 3. What are the FIVE elements that make up living matter? 4. What are three parts of a nucleotide?