1. (carbon-based compounds)
Organic Compounds
(carbon-based compounds)

2. Functional Groups
the unique properties of organic compounds are due to their size, shape, & functional groups:
hydroxyl (–OH)
carbonyl (=C=O)
carboxyl (–COOH)
amino (–NH2)
phosphate (–OPO32–)

3. Organic Macromolecules
large biological molecules
4 main classes:
carbohydrates
lipids
proteins
nucleic acids
cells synthesize them by linking small organic molecules (monomers) into long chains (polymers)

4. Making & Breaking Polymers
dehydration synthesis
monomers are linked together by removing a molecule of water
hydrolysis
bonds between monomers are broken by adding a molecule of water

5. Carbohydrates elements = C,H,O monomers are called monosaccharides
generally have molecule formulas that are some multiple of CH2O
(ex) glucose = C6H12O6
main fuel for cellular work
disaccharides = 2 linked monosaccharides
(ex) sucrose = glucose + fructose
polysaccharides = polymers of monosaccharides

6. Examples of Polysaccharides
starch – storage molecule made up of glucose monomers (found in plants)
glycogen – storage molecule made up of glucose monomers (found in animals – liver & muscle tissue)
cellulose – structural compound found in the cell walls of plant cells

7. Lipids elements = C,H,O mostly nonpolar ( not attracted to water)
examples:
fats – energy storage
phospholipids – major component of cell membranes
waxes – help prevent desiccation
steroids – (ex) cholesterol
used to make sex hormones
found in cell membranes to help maintain fluidity

8. Fats made up of glycerol & fatty acids
saturated fats  the fatty acids “straight”
the fat forms a solid at room temperature
unsaturated fats  the fatty acids are “kinked” due to double bonds between carbon atoms
the fat forms a liquid at room temperature

9. Proteins elements = H, O, N, C monomers = amino acids
contain an amine group & a carboxyl group
20 different kinds (each has a different “R” group)
polypeptide = chain of linked amino acids
peptide bond = type of covalent bond that links 2 amino acids together

10. Examples of Proteins
enzymes – biological catalysts (speed up the rate of chemical reactions)
collagen – structural protein in hair
actin & myosin – contractile proteins in muscle
antibodies – defensive proteins
hemoglobin – transport protein (O2 & C O2)
membrane proteins – transport materials across cell membrane
ovalbumin – storage protein found in egg white to support developing embryo

11. Protein Structure – 4 levels:
primary – chain of amino acids (polypeptide)
secondary – polypeptide coils or folds into an -helix or -pleated sheet
tertiary – the -helix or -pleated sheet folds into a globular or fibrous shape
protein is functional at this level
denaturation = process by which proteins unravel, losing their specific shape &, thereby, their function
causes = excessive heat, changes in pH
quaternary – association of two or more tertiary proteins

13. Nucleic Acids elements = C,H,O,N,P monomers = nucleotides
5 kinds: adenine (A), thymine (T), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and uracil (U)
basic structure:
phosphate group
5-carbon sugar
nitrogenous base (A, T, C, G, or U)

14. Examples of Nucleic Acids
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
composed of two chains of nucleotides (polynucleotides) twisted into a double helix
built from the nucleotides A, T, C, & G
type of sugar in DNA nucleotides = deoxyribose
RNA (ribonucleic acid)
composed of one chain of nucleotides
built from the nucleotides A, U, C, & G
type of sugar in RNA nucleotides = ribose