1. © BENI SUÁREZ PRADO (2012/2013)

2. IT IS USED TO TELL WHAT OTHER PERSON HAS SAID IT IS USED TO TELL WHAT OTHER PERSON HAS SAID WE GIVE THE EXACT MEANING BUT WE DON’T USUALLY USE THE EXACT WORDS. WE GIVE THE EXACT MEANING BUT WE DON’T USUALLY USE THE EXACT WORDS. THE MOST COMMON VERBS TO INTRODUCE THE REPORTED SENTENCE ARE: SAY/TELL/ASK THE MOST COMMON VERBS TO INTRODUCE THE REPORTED SENTENCE ARE: SAY/TELL/ASK SOME CHANGES ARE USUALLY NECESSARY. SOME CHANGES ARE USUALLY NECESSARY. THERE ARE NO CHANGES WHEN THE REPORTING VERB IS IN PRESENT TENSE. THERE ARE NO CHANGES WHEN THE REPORTING VERB IS IN PRESENT TENSE.

3. He said, “ I have lost my umbrella” Direct speech Inverted commasExact wordsReporting verb +, He said (that) he had lost his umbrella Reporting verb + (that) Changes: same meaning without exact words Reported speech

4. PRONOUNS AND ADJECTIVE S EXPRESSION S OF TIME AND PLACE VERBS

5. DIRECTINDIRECT/REPORTED I / MY / ME HE, SHE / HIS, HER / HIM, HER YOU / YOURI / MY WE / OUR / USDon’t change or THEY / THEIR / THEM HE, SHE, IT / HIS, HER, ITS / HIM, HER, ITS Don’t change THIS, THATTHE He said, “ I want to apply for this job” He said that he wanted to apply for the job She told me, “ You have to do some exercise” She told me I had to do some exercise He said to me, “ he came through the window” He said that he ( the thief) had come through the window

6. DIRECTINDIRECT/REPORTED TODAY, TONIGHT THAT DAY / THAT NIGHT YESTERDAYTHE DAY BEFORE/ THE PREVIOUS DAY TOMORROWTHE NEXT DAY/ THE FOLLOWING DAY NOWTHEN LAST WEEK, YEAR..THE WEEK BEFORE/ THE PREVIOUS WEEK NEXT WEEK, YEAR…THE FOLLOWING WEEK A YEAR AGOA YEAR BEFORE/ THE PREVIOUS YEAR HERETHERE

7. TENSEDIRECTINDIRECT/REPORTED Simple present He said, ”I never eat meat” Simple past He said that he never ate meat Pres. ContShe said, “ I’m waiting for Ann” Past. Cont. She said she was waiting for Ann Pres. Perf.He explained, “I have found a flat” Past. Perf. He explained that he had found a flat. Pres. Perf. Cont He said, “I’ve been waiting for ages” Past. Perf.Con t He said that he had been waiting for ages. Simple Past She said, “ I took it home with me” Past. Perf. She said she had taken it home with her Future He said, “ We will be in Paris on Monday”. Conditio nal He said they would be in Paris on Monday. Fut. Cont. She said, “ I will be using the car myself on the 24 th ” Cond. Cont. She said that she would be using the car herself on the 24 th CanHe said, “ You can do it yourself”CouldHe said I could do it myself May He said, “ She may be at home tonight” MightHe said she might be at home that day. Must/ Have to She said, “ You must go to the doctor” Had toShe said that I had to go to the doctor.

8. STATEMEN TS We can report : QUESTION S SPEAKER’S INTENTION S

9.  We usually use the verbs SAY and TELL, but other possible verbs are EXPLAIN, POINT OUT, COMPLAIN  THAT can be omitted after SAY or TELL, but it should be kept with other verbs.  Construction: SAY + ( TO + indirect complement ) + ( THAT ) She said to me that she was looking for a job She said she was looking for a job TELL + indirect complement + ( THAT ) She told me that she was looking for a job She told me she was looking for a job STATEMENTSSTATEMENTS

10. STATEMENTSSTATEMENTS He said, “ She is coming this week to stay with us” He said thatshe was coming that week to stay with them. She said, “ I bought these pearls for my mother a year ago” She told me that she had bought the pearls for her mother the previous year/ the year before. John said, “I couldn’t get on time because I lost the bus” John explained that he couldn’t get on time because he had lost the bus Hadn’t been able to get Christine said, “ we will pay you back next month” Christine told me they would pay me back the following week

11. YES / QUESTIONS YES / QUESTIONS “Are you tired?” she asked She asked me IF I was tired WH- QUESTIONS WH- QUESTIONS “Where does she live?” he inquired He inquired WHERE she lived.  The main introductory verbs are ASK, WONDER, WANT TO KNOW, INQUIRE…  Apart from the general changes there are other important changes: - The interrogative form changes to affirmative form - The question mark is omitted QUESTIONSQUESTIONS

12. QUESTIONSQUESTIONS He said, “ Where is she going ?” He asked where she was going “ Do you want to go to the cinema with me today?” he asked. He asked meIFIwanted to go to the cinemawith himthat day He asked, “have you seen my cousin at school today?” He wanted to know IF I had seen his cousin at school that day Mark asked, “Why are you wearing my new shoes, Peter?” Mark asked Peter WHY he was wearing his new shoes.

13. S P E A K E R ‘S I N T E N T I O N S  We will study them in groups depending on their behaviour when we apply the necessary changes.  They don’t follow the changes in the verb form. Some of them will be followed by INFINITIVE, while others will be followed by GERUND. INFINITIVE GERUND

14. ORDERS COMANDS TELL +someone + TO INF / NOT TO INF “Don’t make too much noise, children” he said. He told the children not to make too much noise PETITIONS ASK+ someone+ TO INF / NOT TO INF “You might post some letters for me” said my boss. My boss asked me to post some letters for him WARNINGS WARN+ someone+ TO INF / NOT TO INF “Don’t go alone” Her father warned her Her father warned her not to go alone ADVICES ADVISE + someone +TO INF / NOT TO INF “You must see this exhibition” said all my friends. All my friends advised me to see that exhibition REMINDS REMIND + SOMEONE + TO INF / NOT TO INF “Don’t forget to buy the wine” said Mrs Pitt. Mrs Pitt reminded her husband to buy the wine (I)

15. OFFERS OFFER + TO INF / NOT TO INF “I can look after the child while you are working” he said. He offered to look after the child while she was working PROMISES PROMISE + TO INF / NOT TO INF “ I will give you a raise ” my boss promised. My boss promised to give me a raise REFUSALS REFUSE + TO INF / NOT TO INF “I won’t lend you any more money” his sister said. His sister refused to lend him any more money. THREATENS THREATEN + TO INF / NOT TO INF “I will call the police if you don’t stop making noise” said my neighbour My neighbour threatened to call the police if we didn’t stop making noise. ( II)

16. APOLOGIES APOLOGISE FOR + GERUND “I’m sorry I’m late” he said. He apologised for being late THANKS THANK FOR + GERUND “You have worked till late, thank you” said my boss. My boss thanked for having work till late SUGGESTIONS SUGGEST + ING “Let’s go for a walk, it’s a wonderful afternoon” she said She suggested going for a walk because it was a wonderful afternoon. DENIAL DENY + ING “I didn’t steal the money” said the employee. The employee denied stealing the money ADMISSIONS ADMITT + GERUND “All right, I took the money” the secretary said. The secretary admitted taking the money

18. STATEMENTS QUESTIONS ( I ) QUESTIONS ( II ) REQUEST AND ORDERS