1. THE MONARCHS OF EUROPE The Power of Spain

2. 1. The King becomes Emperor a. Charles V and the Empire i. 1516, became Charles I of Spain ii. Member of the Hapsburg family

3. iii. Ruled as an absolute monarch 1. A ruler whose power was not limited by having to consult with nobles, common people or their own representatives 2. Absolute monarchs also believed they ruled by divine right a. Concept that states that monarchs received their power from God and therefore must not be challenged

4. iv. Territory included Spain, Low Counties of Belgium and the Netherlands plus colonies in the Americas v. 1519, the Holy Roman Emperor’s throne was vacant 1. Position was elected 2. Charles borrowed money to buy the votes

5. vi. Became Holy Roman Emperor Charles V 1. Gained land in Italy, Austria and parts of Germany vii. Wanted Europe to be Roman Catholic 1. Growing Protestant movement threatened his influence viii. 1521- Declared Protestant leader Martin Luther an outlaw

6. ix. Signed the Peace of Augsburg after years of fighting 1. Signed in 1555 2. Gave each German prince the right to decide whether his state would be Catholic or Protestant x. Achieved more success in the Americas than in Europe 1. Spanish explorers claimed much of the Americas under his reign 2. Would bring gold, silver and wealth into Spain

7. b. Dividing the Empire i. Charles V gave up his thrones in 1556 1. Frustrated by his failures in Europe ii. Divided empire between his brother and his son 1. His brother took over the Hapsburg holdings in Austria 2. Philip II ( Charles’ son) took over Spain, Sicily, the Netherlands and the Spanish colonies in the America

8. 2. Artistic Achievements a. Art i. El Greco 1. Real name is Domenicos Theotocopolios 2. Work was religious and reflected Spain’s role in the Counter Reformation 3. Famous for elongated human figures

9. ii. Diego Velazquez 1. Court painter 2. Painted people of all classes with dignity

10. b. Literature i. Miguel de Cervantes 1. Most famous work “Don Quixote de la Mancha” a. About a man caught between the medieval world and the modern world

11. ii. Sister Juana Ines de la Cruz 1. Wrote poetry, prose and plays 2. Criticized by the Church for her belief that women had a right to an education

12. 3. Spain under Philip II a. Religion and Revolt i. Philip was a devout Catholic ii. Married Queen Mary I of England iii. The Netherlands 1. A revolt occurred when the Dutch refused to declare allegiance with Philip II 2. Army led by the Duke of Alba was sent to punish the Dutch 3. Court of Blood a. Set up by Alba to try and torture those suspected to be rebels

13. 4. Revolted lasted for decades 5. 1609, a truce was formed a. 7 northern provinces became the independent nation of the Netherlands b. Southern provinces remained under the control of Spain

14. b. Spain and England i. England had sent aid to the Dutch during its revolt against Spain ii. Queen Elizabeth I also was allowing her ships’ captains to attack Spanish treasure ships coming from the Americas 1. English ships were known as sea dogs 2. Sir Francis Drake was infamous sea dog

15. iii. In response to this Philip decided to invade England 1. Wanted to stop attacks on his ships 2. Wanted to return England to Catholicism iv. Philip assembled the Spanish Armada 1. 1588, 130 ships with 20,000 soldiers and sailors set sail for the English Channel 2. Fought England in a series of naval battles 3. English defeat the Armada

16. c. An Empire in Decline i. Internal Problems 1. Government was too centralized a. Philip insisted on approving all decisions 2. Court was riddled with factions and suspicions a. Philip trusted no one 3. Wealth of the Americas was spent on constant warfare a. Borrowed money often b. Went bankrupt 4 times 4. Economy lagged behind that of others

17. Absolute monarch and France

18. 1. Religious war and Henry IV a. Conflict and a New Kings i. War broke out in 1562, in France, between the Catholics and Huguenots (French Calvinist Protestants) ii. 1572, the Catholic Queen of France ordered the killing of the Huguenots in Paris iii. St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre 1. Resulted from the order of the queen 2. Started with the killing of French Huguenots nobles attending the wedding of Henry of Navarre 3. Henry escaped death by denying his religion

19. iv. 1593, Henry converted to Catholicism and was crowed Henry IV

20. b. Compromise and Progress i. 1598, Henry IV issued the Edict of Nantes 1. Granted Huguenots limited religious freedom of worship 2. Granted the right to hold office 3. Granted right to rule 200 towns where they already had a majority 4. Document gave people the right to pick their own religion 5. Document also still declared Catholicism the official religion 6. Also required Huguenots to support Catholic Church financially

21. ii. Eliminated debt and built a surplus iii. Would become one of France’s most respected monarchs

22. 2. Louis XIII and Richelieu a. Louis XIII i. Was very young when he became king ii. Mother served as his regent iii. Cardinal Richelieu would become his chief minister and most trusted advisor

23. Louis XIIICardinal Richelieu

24. b. La Rochelle i. A Huguenot port city that had sided with the English on a nearby island ii. Richelieu used that as a means to take the city iii. After 14 months of fighting, he took the city, tore down its walls and made all churches Catholic

25. c. Nobles i. Louis and Richelieu saw nobles as a threat ii. Used spies and uncovered planned revolts iii. Punishments were severe iv. Richelieu also controlled foreign affairs as well

26. 3. The Monarchy of Louis XIV a. Rise of the Sun King i. Louis XIV 1. Best example of an absolute monarch 2. Became king young and mother served as regent 3. Chief minister was Cardinal Mazarin 4. As a child he was taught the skills he would need to be king 5. Supremely confident in his ability to rule 6. At 18, Cardinal Mazarin died and Louis declared he would run the government 7. The sun was his personal symbol

28. b. Absolutism at Versailles i. Began tradition of absolute monarchy in France ii. He controlled all aspects of his government including religion iii. Deprived the nobles of influence

29. iv. Built palace of Versailles outside of Paris 1. Required nobles to come visit him there regularly 2. Nobles gained prestige by becoming part of his court 3. Urged nobles to develop expensive habits that would them poorer and more dependent on his generosity v. Every moment of his day required rituals performed by bowing courtiers

37. c. Louis and Protestantism i. In 1685, Louis revoked the Edict of Nantes and outlawed Protestantism d. Money and the Military i. Finances were a concern because of the lifestyle he had

38. ii. Jean-Baptiste Colbert 1. Finance minister 2. Limited imports and increased exports 3. Simplified the tax system 4. Also cut the debt

39. iii. Louis wanted to build up military and expand territory 1. Would become the most powerful ruler in Europe

40. e. War over the Throne i. War of the Spanish Succession 1. Most costly of all wars Louis fought 2. King of Spain died without an heir 3. Louis was one of 3 rulers to make a claim on the throne 4. European monarchs did not want France and Spain to be aligned and opposed Louis’ claim 5. Netherlands and England went to war against France in 1701 6. Louis accepted the Treaty of Ulrecht in 1713 after many defeats

41. ii. Treaty of Ulrecht 1. Gave the Spanish throne to Louis’ grandson 2. Stated that Spain and France could not be united under one ruler 3. Louis had to give up territory he had taken iii. Louis remained in power until his death in 1715

42. Monarchs in England

43. 1. The Tudors and Parliament a. Two prominent members of the Tudor Family i. Henry VIII of England 1. Created the Protestant Church of England so he could divorce his wife 2. Had Parliament pass laws to end authority of pope 3. 1534, Act of Supremacy declared Henry the head of the Church of England

44. ii. Elizabeth I 1. 1588, Crowned Queen of England after her sister Mary died 2. Parliament helped her pass laws that favored Protestantism 3. Parliament wanted her to marry, but she refused

45. 4. Was able to work with Parliament a. One reason, she allowed Parliament members to speak their minds without fear of punishment 5. Though clearly in charge, some still questioned her actions 6. Elizabeth died in 1603

46. 2. The Stuarts and Parliament a. James I i. Became king when Elizabeth died; founded the Stuart line ii. Believed in the divine right of kings and wanted to rule as an absolute monarch

47. iii. He had problems with Parliament 1. He lacked funds to spend 2. He was considered an outsider 3. Rarely able to get Parliament to approve all the funds he wanted

48. iv. Puritans 1. Group of strict Calvinist 2. Wanted to reform the Church of England a. Thought some practices were still too Catholic 3. Wanted to take away power from Church officials a. Was seen as a threat by James b. James refused to pass most of the reforms of the Puritans

49. 4. Wanted a Bible to be published in English a. This is one reform that James agreed to v. James died in 1625

50. b. Charles I i. Youngest son of James I ii. 1628, Charles requested money from Parliament 1. Parliament would not agree until Charles signed the Petition of Right

51. a. Document placed limits on King’s power i. King could not levy taxes without parliament approval ii. No false imprisonment iii. Could not force citizens to house soldiers iv. Could not declare martial law in peace time

52. iii. Charles would tax people on his own and forced bankers to lend him money iv. 1629, Charles dismissed Parliament and ruled without consulting them

53. 3. The English Civil War a. Parliament Reconvenes i. 1640, Charles reconvened Parliament to ask for money because of his debt ii. Would become known as the Long Parliament 1. Would not grant request until he agreed to some terms a. Parliament must meet once every 3 years a. King could not longer dismiss Parliament 2. Charles agreed but had every intention to dismiss them later

54. b. War with Parliament i. Puritan group within Parliament wanted to abolish the appointment of bishops within the Anglican Church ii. Charles tried to arrest them for treason iii. People had escaped but Charles had shown he was going to take back Parliament

55. iv. 1642, The English War began 1. King had no funding and relied on the supporters for money 2. Supporters of Charles were called Royalist 3. Parliament voted for funding 4. Parliament supporters were called Roundheads 5. Leader of the Roundheads was Oliver Cromwell a. was an army general b. Rose to power to become commander-in-chief of Parliament army 6. 1646, Charles surrendered to Cromwell

56. c. Trial and Execution i. Charles was put on trial 1. He defended himself; He refused to recognize the authority of Parliament 2. Was sentenced to death 3. January 30, 1659, Charles was publicly beheaded

57. d. England under Cromwell i. England’s government changed 1. House of Commons abolished House of Lords 2. Monarch was outlawed ii. England was a commonwealth 1. A republican government based on the common good of the people iii. Cromwell was given the title “Lord Protector of England, Scotland and Ireland” iv. Cromwell demanded complete obedience v. Cromwell closed theaters and limited other forms of public entertainment

58. Oliver Cromwell

59. e. Defender of Absolutism i. Thomas Hobbes 1. A Royalist 2. Wrote “Leviathan” a. Describes human beings as naturally selfish and fearful b. Argues that people needed an all powerful monarch to tell them how to live 3. Views sparked controversy

60. 4. The Monarch Returns a. The Restoration i. Parliament voted to bring back the monarchy after Cromwell died 1. This is known as the Restoration ii. Invited Charles I’s son to be the new king, but with certain conditions

61. b. Charles II i. Religious tensions 1. Supported religious tolerance for Catholics 2. Parliament insisted upon laws that strengthened the Church of England

62. ii. Restoration years were both positive and negative 1. Positives a. Theaters reopened b. Passage of Habeas Corpus Act of 1679 i. Guaranteed that someone accused of a crime had the right to appear in court to determined if the accused should be held or release

63. 2. Negatives a. 1665, the Bubonic Plague returned b. 1666, the Great Fire of London i. Charles would support public construction projects after this iii. Charles II died in 1685

64. c. James II i. Brother of Charles II ii. Was a Catholic iii. Believed in right to rule as an absolute monarch iv. Not popular with the people

65. d. The Glorious Revolution i. 1688, James’ daughter Mary and her husband William were invited to be King and Queen of England 1. Became William III and Mary II ii. This transfer of power is known as the Glorious Revolution

66. William IIIMary II

67. iii. Changes in government 1. Parliament had crowned a new king and queen 2. Had new monarchs sign the English Bill of Right before taking power a. Prevented monarchs from levying taxes without consent of Parliament b. Central to England’s growth as a Constitutional Monarchy i. Monarchy limited by law

68. Rulers of Russia and Central Europe

69. 1. The Monarch of Ivan IV a. Russia before Ivan IV i. Russia was run by church officials and boyars (landowning nobility) ii. When Ivan takes power he claims title of czar (Russian for caesar)

70. b. Reforms of Ivan i. Reforms made during early years of his reign 1. Created a council that included merchants and lower level nobles 2. Began to promote military leaders based on merit 3. Drew up a new legal code ii. These and others helped reduced boyars’ power

71. c. Ivan the Terrible i. During 1560s Ivan changed 1. His actions and policies sealed his title as Ivan the Terrible ii. Became suspicious of his closest advisors and sent them away killing many of their supporters iii. Created private police force of 6000 1. Purpose was to investigate and punish opposition

72. iv. 1565, he seized land from 12,000 boyars v. 1581,he killed his own son 1. Left Russia without an heir vi. This period is known as the Time of Troubles vii. Ivan IV died in 1613 1. Michael (relative of his 1 st wife) was crowned czar a. 1 st in the Romanov dynasty that ruled Russia until 1917

73. 2. Peter the Great a. Early Rule i. Began czar in 1682 when he was a child 1. Sister insisted on ruling in his place ii. At 17, he removed his sister from power and took over iii. Peter’s appearance 1. 6 ½ ft tall 2. Extremely strong 3. Had a strong personality and boundless energy

75. iv. Azov 1. Located on the Black Sea and held by the Turks 2. Peter led an attack on it and failed 3. Inspired to build a navy 4. After completion of navy attacked Azov again and won

76. b. Modernization and Reform i. Peter knew Russia had to modernize to keep up with Europe ii. He was determined to bring elements of Western culture to Russia 1. This process is called westernization iii. In 1692, Peter journeyed to Europe 1. Traveled in disguise but was still recognized 2. Learned hands on skills, i.e. shipbuilding 3. Recruited European experts to bring skills to Russia

77. iv. The Streltsy 1. A military corps 2. Believed they wanted to put his sister on the throne 3. Had many members tortured and executed 4. Disbanded the Streltsy and organized a more modern army

78. v. Reforms 1. Brought Church under state control 2. Built up Russian industry 3. Started 1 st newspaper in Russia 4. Sponsored new schools 5. Modernized the calendar 6. Promotions based on service instead of social status 7. Wanted people to dress more European 8. He is often considered the founder of modern Russia

79. c. Founding of St. Petersburg i. Peter founded a new city ii. Came as a result of a war fought with Sweden for warm water ports iii. Built new capital, St. Petersburg

80. 3. Catherine the Great a. Catherine takes power i. A German princess married to Czar Peter III ii. Her husband was weak and incompetent iii. She seized power after Peter’s death iv. Was declared Catherine II Czarina of Russia

81. b. Early Reform i. Saw herself as the true successor of Peter the Great ii. Built a bronze statue of Peter in St. Petersburg to legitimize her claim to the throne iii. Influence by major European thinkers of her time iv. She reformed Russia’s legal and educational system v. Removed some restrictions on trade vi. Promoted the arts and sciences

82. c. Challenges to Catherine’s Rule i. Within first year Catherine was involved in a major conflict with Poland 1. Poland wanted to be free of Russian influence 2. 1768, Ottoman Empire sided with Poland 3. Russia will go to war and eventually win 4. Russia will receive half of Poland and territory on the Black Sea

83. ii. Rebellion inside Russia 1. Yemelyan Pugachev was traveling around Russia claimed to be Peter III 2. Gained support, but rebellion was put down and he was captured and beheaded iii. Revolt led Catherine to completely reorganize local government 1. Administration on the local level was placed in the hands of the landowners and nobles a. In return they had their taxes reduced and were given absolute control over their land and peasants

84. 4. Monarchy and Conflict in Central Europe a. The Thirty Years War i. Began as a religious dispute in 1618 1. Prague was an area under the Holy Roman Emperors control and one of his officials went there and ordered that the two Protestant Churches be shut down 2. Protestants threw the official out of the palace windows ii. This spared a revolt 1. Nobles in German states of Bavaria and Austria rebelled against the emperor, others would join later

85. iii. War would involve other nations 1. Spain joined the emperors side 2. France sided with the Protestants as well as Denmark and Sweden iv. War lasted until 1648 1. Both sides agreed to the Treaty of Westphalia a. Treaty extended religious toleration to both Catholics and Protestants b. Also limited the emperors power

86. b. Austria and Prussia i. Austria and Prussia gained from the treaty ii. Austria was governed by the Hapsburgs

87. iii. Charles VI 1. Holy Roman Emperor died in 1740 without a male heir 2. Before he died approved the Pragmatic Sanction a. Position could now be passed to female heir 3. Daughter Maria Theresa would take throne

88. Maria Theresa Frederick the Great

89. iv. Frederick the Great of Prussia seized Austrian provinces of Silesia v. Frederick offered to help Maria Theresa’s husband become the Holy Roman Emperor, she refused vi. War of the Austrian Succession broke out in 1740 vii. Involved Spain, France and two other states viii. Maria Theresa asked for peace in 1748 1. Prussia kept Silesia