1. The Holy Roman Empire
World History I

2. The Holy Roman Church The Catholic Church reigned over all of Europe
The Church gained more and more power over the people
Pope Innocent III claimed to have broad power over the king
Kings and members of the clergy were fighting for supreme power over European countries

3. What is the Holy Roman Empire?
Charlemagne’s empire broke into small states
Otto I took the title of King of Germany
He worked closely with the church
A pope crowned Otto as “emperor”
His successors took the title “Holy Roman Emperor”
“Holy” = appointed by the pope
“Roman” = heirs to the Roman Empire

4. Popes vs. Emperors Pope Gregory VII Emperor Henry IV
One of the greatest yet most controversial popes
He wanted to make the church independent of secular rulers
Banned lay invesititure
Emperor Henry IV
Holy Roman Emperor
Argued that the emperor was the bishop’s overlord
Concordat of Worms
Henry was excommunicated and the struggle for power got bigger and bigger
In 1122 both the pope and the emperor accepted the treaty

5. The Struggle for Italy Frederick I Frederick II Effects on Germany
Also known as Frederick Barbarossa
Means “Red Beard”
He wanted to bring Germany and Italy back together
Frederick II
Arrogant and fearless
Pursued all of his ambitions in Italy
Clashed with popes
Effects on Germany
Germans became independent
German was not united into different feudal states
Effects on Italy
Local uprisings to fight against greedy emperors
Italy was left in ruins

6. The Powerful Church
After defeating the Holy Roman Emperors, the church gained more power
The Pope claimed to be “between God and man”
Pope Innocent III clashed with all other rulers
Placed all of England under interdict
Excommunicated Frederick II of France
Launched the Albigensian Crusades
The French wanted to purify the Church