1. Middle Ages A.D.
Crusades (Holy Wars)

2. Fight against Islam Battle of Tours Crushing Muslim ideas in Europe
Re-conquering Spain
Saving the Holy Land (Crusades)

3. Crusades (Holy Wars) Last 200 years (many different crusades)
Europeans have contact with outside world
emerge from isolationism
Until Crusades, Europeans & nobles were fighting against each other for territory, wealth & power.

4. Crusades (Holy Wars) Jerusalem Battle of Tours in 732
under Muslim control since 700s
Battle of Tours in 732
Treaty signed by Charles Martel and Muslims
Christians could pilgrimage to Holy Land

5. Crusades (Holy Wars)
1096 Byzantine Emperor (Alexius I) asked Pope (Urban II) for help fighting Muslims
Muslim Turks invaded Byzantine empire
took control of Holy Land
attacked Christian pilgrims
Pope agrees to help
Byzantine Emperor and Pope longtime rivals.

6. Crusades (Holy Wars) Pope calls Christians to fight “God wills it!”
promised remission of sins
wanted increased power
wanted knights to fight Muslims instead of each other
Pope says God is on our side.

7. Crusades (Holy Wars) Thousands of Europeans respond knights
hoped to win wealth and land
adventure
Knights were war machines.
King and nobles were having trouble controlling knights.
King also wanted knights out of Europe.

9. Crusades (Holy Wars) 1st Crusade (1096-1099)
Christians battled Muslims for control of lands in Middle East
only crusade close to achieving goal
long, bloody campaign
Christian knights captured Jerusalem in 1099
then massacred Muslims & Jews
Knights – war machines.

10. Crusades (Holy Wars) Crusader states Muslims kept attacking
Edessa
Antioch
Jerusalem
Tripoli
Muslims kept attacking
Crusaders divided captured lands into 4 states, or kingdoms.
Crusades were over when Tripoli fell.

11. Crusades (Holy Wars) 2nd Crusade 3rd Crusade
Saladin, Sultan of Egypt, recaptured Jerusalem in 1187
3rd Crusade
Richard I and Europeans failed to recapture Jerusalem
Saladin reopened Jerusalem to Christian pilgrims
After negotiations, Saladin reopened Jerusalem to Christian pilgrims.
Richard the Lion-Heart – reigned

12. Crusades (Holy Wars) 4th Crusade
crusaders raid Constantinople (Byzantine capital)
steal wealth
kill Muslims, Christians, and Jews
(Christians fight Christians)

13. Crusades (Holy Wars) Later Crusaders
complete failures
military disasters
Muslims took control of last of crusader states
massacred defeated Christians
As in Jerusalem 200 years earlier, victors massacred defeated enemies.

14. Crusades (Holy Wars) Consequences 1. Languages in Europe altered
now have Islamic words
2. New products enter Europe
silks and spices
Europeans interested in trade
3. Center of commerce changed for all of
Europe
Northern Italian cities won crusades
Venice, Genoa, Florence became wealthy and controlled trade
Europeans get interested in trade when they see that Muslims were:
highly advanced in science/technology
have maintained the knowledge of the Eastern Roman Empire
have maintained trade with India in luxury goods such as silk and spices

15. Result of Crusades Europeans get interested in trade with Muslims:
Muslims are:
highly advanced in science and technology
maintained knowledge of Eastern Roman Empire
maintained trade with India in luxury goods
Muslims had Greek & Roman science and technology.

16. Crusades (Holy Wars) Consequences 4. System of commerce changed
bills of credit, checking, banking
5. Nobility of Europe is weakened
power of nobles declined
many died, including kings
manors left with no leaders or power authority
6. King was great winner
power of king increased

17. Crusades (Holy Wars) Consequences
7. Tremendous increase in knowledge and
interest in geography
Western Europeans learned world was much larger than ever imagined
8. Pope’s power increased, then weakened
late 1200s, heightened power of pope
weakened when Christian knights were defeated

18. Reconquest in Spain Muslims conquered most of Spain in 700s
Christian warriors battled Muslims for 500 years
campaign to drive Muslims out and recover Spain
“Reconquista” or “Reconquest”
Crusading spirit continued long after European defeat.

19. Reconquest in Spain
Isabella of Castile married Ferdinand of Aragon in 1469
Their combined forces completed Reconquest of Spain in 1492

20. Spanish Inquisition Religious toleration under Muslim rule
Queen Isabella wanted religious unity
ended policy of toleration
The Inquisition
Church court to convert or punish heretics
brutal crusade against Muslims and Jews
(those refusing to convert often burned at stake)
Religious unity achieved.
More than 150,000 flee Spain
skilled, educated people who had contributed much to Spain’s
economy and culture

25. Result of Crusades
By 1400s, a desire to trade directly with China and India led Europeans to a new age of exploration.
Europeans had expected to win Crusades
God was on their side
Big surprise -- Europeans lose
leads to breakdown of Church.