1. Absolute monarchs in Europe REVIEW Chapter 5 in text book Pages 152 to 185

2. # 1 – Hapsburg King (Spain, Am. Colonies, parts of Italy, Austria, & Netherlands)

3. # 2 Charles V…1556, divided empire & retired in a monastery Ferdinand(brother) – Austria & the Holy Roman Empire Philip II (son) – Spain, Spanish Netherlands, & Am. Colonies

4. # 3 King of Portugal died w/out heir Philip was the king’s nephew & seized Portugal Africa, India, & East Indies

5. # 4 El Greco (“the Greek”) – Brilliant clashing colors, distorted human figure, & had symbolic emotional expressions in paintings – Showed deep Catholic faith of Spain – Painted saints & martyrs Diego Velazquez – Used rich colors – Painted the pride of the Spanish monarchy – Court painter to Philip IV of Spain

6. # 5 Miguel de Cervantes - Wrote Don Quixote de la Mancha Story… poor Spanish nobleman went crazy after reading too many books about heroic knights & then dressed up as a knight & mistook windmills for giants Birth of modern European novel

7. # 6 Spanish empire weakens because of … Severe Inflation Taxes Guilds Wars Dutch Revolt

8. # 7 Rembrandt van Rijn – Portraits of the wealthy middle-class merchants – Group portraits – Used sharp contrast of light and shadows Jan Vermeer – Had domestic indoor settings – Often painted women doing everyday activities Girl with a Pearl Earring

9. # 8 Stable government Economic growth Had largest fleet of ships in the world Created the Dutch East India Company

10. # 9 Feudalism declines & cities grow National kingdoms centralize authority Growing middle-class usually backed monarchs Church authority broke down = monarchs got greater control

11. # 10 1.Henry II – died 1559; wife Catherine de Medicis 2.King Francis II - 15 years old; died 1560 3.King Charles IX - 10 years old; died 1574 4.King Henry III - 24 years old; died 1589 5. Henry IV (Henry of Navarre) - 1st king of the Bourbon dynasty 5.Louis XIII - 9 years old 6.Louis XIV - age of 14; AKA “The Sun King”

12. # 11 King was 9 years old leader of Catholic church in France Effects… – Didn’t allow Protestant cities to have protective walls – Weakened the nobles’ power – Caused France to go into 30 years war

13. #12 King was 14 years old was Richelieu’s successor Effects… – Ended 30 years – higher taxes

14. # 13 King of Spain Charles II died childless Throne promised to Louis XIV’s grandson who was 16 years old; Philip of Anjou (Philip V-King of Spain) European nations didn’t want the French Bourbons to have this much control…WAR Treaty of Utrecht… – Philip V remained King of Spain – Great Britain took Gibraltar – France gave Great Britain Nova Scotia & Newfoundland – Austrian Hapsburgs took Spanish Netherlands & Spanish lands in Italy – Prussia & Savoy were recognized as kingdom

15. # 14 POSTITIVES - France ranked above all in art, literature, & statesmanship, military leader of Europe, strong American colonial empire NEGATIVES – constant wars, debt due to Versailles, resentment over taxes, abuse of power plagued his heirs – led to revolution

16. # 15 Causes… – Churches in Germany could be either Catholic or Lutheran – NOT Calvinist – Ferdinand II closed Protestant churches in the Czech kingdom of Bohemia & they revolted – German Protestant Princes also saw this as a chance to go after the Catholic emperor Peace of Westphalia… - Ended the 30 years war -France received German territory -German Princes became independent of the Holy Roman emperor

17. # 16 Maria Theresa (Austrian Queen) – Alliance = Austria, France, & Russia Frederick II (Prussian King) – Alliance = Prussia & Britain Outcome… – War didn’t change Europe’s borders – France lost colonies in North America – Britain gained sole domination of India

18. # 17 GOOD PERIOD, 1547 to 1560 – – Won great victories – Added lands to Russia – Gave Russia code of laws – Ruled justly BAD PERIOD - RULE BY TERROR, began in 1560 – – After Anastasia died; he accused Boyars of poisoning her – Organized his own police force who hunted down & killed those Ivan thought were traitors; he then gave their land to other nobles – Thousands were killed

19. # 18 GOAL #1 – to learn about European customs & manufacturing techniques. To Westernize Russia To achieve goal he… – Introduced potatoes – Started 1 st Russian newspaper – Women were allowed to attend social gatherings – Nobles had to give up their traditional clothing for Western European fashions – Education: School of Navigation Schools for art & science

20. # 18 GOAL #2 – To have a seaport that would make it easier to travel west. – Fought Sweden 21 years to gain a piece of the Baltic coast – Built a new city on swampy land – Named it St. Petersburg after his patron saint – After completed, nobles were forced from their homes to make new ones in the new capital

21. # 19 Charles tried to arrest Parliament leaders because he needed money wouldn’t give it to him & tried to limit his power but they escaped War between Charles I & his supporters (The Royalist/Cavaliers) vs. opponents of King Charles I (Puritan supporters of Parliament/Roundheads) Charles I was put on trial for treason against Parliament – He was found guilty – Sentenced to death by public beheading Never before had a reigning monarch faced a public trial and execution

22. # 20 abolished monarch House of Lords and established a commonwealth; republican form of gov’t became a military dictator uprising in Ireland, seized lands & homes and then gave them to English soldiers Created laws that promoted Puritan morality & abolished “sinful” activities… – Theater, Sporting Events, & Dancing Had religious toleration for all Christians with the exception of Catholics

23. # 21 habeas corpus – “to have the body” – Gave every prisoner the right to obtain a writ or document ordering that they be brought before a judge to specify charges – Now a monarch couldn’t put people in jail just because

24. # 22 Offended subjects b/c of his Catholic beliefs – Heirs – Mary, that was protestant Had a son who was Catholic Parliament didn’t want a Catholic monarchy & convinced Mary and her husband William of Orange (prince of Netherlands) to overthrow her father, James II James II fled to France Glorious Revolution – bloodless overthrow